1999 Russia puts conditions on Chechnya talks (CNN)
1999 El científico alemán, Günter Blobel, fue galardonado
con el Premio Nobel de Medicina al descurir que "las proteínas tienen señales
intrínsecas que gobiernan su transporte y localización en la célula" .
1998 La guerrilla, representada por el Ejército de Liberación
Nacional y el Gobierno colombiano empezan a negociar la paz.
1998
Pope John Paul II canonizes the first Jewish-born saint of the modern era:
Edith Stein, a nun killed in the gas chambers of Auschwitz.
1997
Cuarenta países se reunen en la II Cumbre del Consejo de Europa, celebrada
en Estrasburgo, y aprueban una declaración en favor de los valores democráticos
y los derechos fundamentales, y un plan de acción para el futuro.
1996 Roman Catholic Bishop Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo and
Jose Ramos-Horta of East Timor win the Nobel Peace Prize for their pro-democracy
efforts in troubled East Timor.
1995 Head of Lotus resigns, now that he belongs
to IBM ^top^
Jim Manzi, head of Lotus, resigned
four months after IBM acquired the company. Lotus had grown powerful
off the success of its spreadsheet, Lotus 1-2-3, but lost ground to
Microsoft Excel in the early 1990s. The company reasserted its success,
however, when it developed Lotus Notes, networking software that made
it easy for many people to work together on the same document. Manzi
had been appointed president of Lotus in 1984, at age thirty-two.
When IBM purchased the company, Manzi at first promised to stay but
lasted only ninety-nine days under the new regime. |
1993 El Consejo Central de la OLP (Organizacion para la
Liberacion de Palestina) ratifica el acuerdo de paz con Israel y elige a
Yasir Arafat como máxima autoridad palestina.
1991
El Consejo de Seguridad de la ONU prohíbe a Iraq cualquier investigación
en el campo de la energía nuclear.
1991 Confirmation
hearings for Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas begin. Anita Hill testifies
Clarence Thomas sexually harrassed her
1990 Octavio
Paz wins Nobel Prize for literature
1990 Oil hits
a record $40.42 per barrel
1988 First factoring of a 100-digit number
^top^
A network of hundreds of computers
in the United States, Europe, and Australia successfully factored
a 100-digit number on this day in 1988. The complexity of factoring
such a large number had proved too much for humans and for other computers
in the past. Mathematicians at Digital Equipment Corp. and the University
of Chicago used a factoring method developed by a University of Georgia
professor to successfully factor eleven to the 104th power plus one.
|
1987 200'000 homosexuals march for civil rights in Washington
1986 Reagan and Gorbachev meet in Reykjavik
^top^
Following up on their successful November
1985 summit meeting in Geneva, President Ronald Reagan and Soviet
leader Mikhail Gorbachev meet in Reykjavik, Iceland, to continue discussions
about curbing their intermediate missile arsenals in Europe. Just
when it appeared that agreement might be reached, the talks fell apart
amid accusations and recriminations, and US-Soviet relations took
a giant step backwards.
The sticking
point arose when Gorbachev requested that the talks concerning the
missiles be expanded to include limitations on America's Strategic
Defense Initiative (SDI). Referred to as the "Star Wars" initiative
by opponents, SDI was one of Reagan's pet projects. A multi-billion-dollar
program, SDI was supposed to use space technology to provide a "
shield"
from nuclear attacks. Not surprisingly, Reagan refused to consider
Gorbachev's suggestion, and the talks ended the next day, October
12, with no agreement in hand.
Reagan charged the Soviet leader with bad faith in trying to expand
the parameters of the talks; back in the Soviet Union, Gorbachev reported
that Reagan seemed to be lying about his desire for serious negotiations
concerning arms limitations. Talks on the missile issue did not resume
until December 1987, when the two leaders met for a third summit in
Washington, and Gorbachev dropped his insistence on including SDI
in the negotiations. |
1985 US President Reagan bans importation of South African
Krugerrands
1983 Last hand-cranked telephones
US went out of service as 440 telephone customers in Bryant Pond, Maine,
were switched over to direct-dial
1982 English
ship Mary Rose, which sank during an engagement with France in 1545, raised
at Portsmouth, England
1980 Cosmonauts Popov &
Ryumin set space endurance record of 184 days
1979
Allan McLeod Cormack & Godfrey Newbold Hounsfield win Nobel Prize for medicine
for developing the CAT scan
1978 Aristides Royo
elected president of Panama by the Asamblea Nacional.
1976 The Gang of Four arrested in China
^top^
In the Chinese struggle for succession after the death of leader Mao
Zedong, Mao's widow Jiang Qing and three others are arrested and charged
with plotting a coup. Labeled the "Gang of Four," the four are expelled
from the Communist party and imprisoned. Deng Xiaoping, who by 1978
is the dominant figure in Chinese politics, puts the Gang of Four
on trial in 1980 on charges of subverting the government, and wrongly
arresting, detaining, and torturing innocent people. Jiang Qing is
found guilty and sentenced to death along with the other three, although
her sentence is later suspended. |
1972 A French mission in Vietnam is destroyed by a US bombing
raid.
1972 The SEC battles fraud in two big companies
^top^
The US Securities Exchange Commission
(SEC) files charges against Bank of America Vice President George
L. Bates and Western Oil Development Corp. According to the suit,
Bates was guilty of "fraud and deceit" while trading stocks of Western
Oil. Meanwhile, Western Oil officials were accused of using "fraudulent
statements" to boost the company's stock prices. Allegedly, Western
Oil intended to use the inflated stock as a resource to "acquire valuable
properties.”
In a second
case, the SEC decided to convene hearings on charges of anti-fraud
violations by Continental Investments and two of its subsidiaries.
The hearings stemmed from charges that Continental Investment manipulated
its investment relationship with the United Fund group, a mutual fund
company, for improper fiscal gain. Continental Investment officials
maintained their innocence, describing their dealings with the United
Fund group as "complex" and "technical," but not corrupt. |
1968 Apollo 7, the first manned Apollo mission, is launched
under the command of Walter M. Schirra, Jr., with Donn F. Eisele and Walter
Cunningham, beginning an eleven-day orbit of Earth, during which the crew
transmits the first live television broadcasts from orbit, and performs
a docking maneuver with a lunar module as a preparation for the future manned
lunar landing, accomplished by Apollo 11 in 1969.
1968
Panama revolts
1966 Según la prensa extranjera acreditada
en España, CC.OO. (Confederación Síndical de Comisiones Obreras)
ha conseguido importantes triunfos en las elecciones sindicales.
1962 Ouverture du concile Vatican II
^top^
Le pape Jean XXIII ouvre le concile
Vatican II le 11 octobre 1962, dans la basilique Saint-Pierre de Rome.
Né près de Bergame (Italie du nord) le 25 novembre 1881, dans une
famille très pauvre de dix enfants, Angelo Roncalli se signale par
une extrême bonté pendant toute sa vie consacrée à l'Eglise, y compris
quand il accède au prestigieux patriarcat de Venise.
Il est élu pape le 28 octobre 1958, à 76 ans et onze mois. Les cardinaux,
en portant leur choix sur lui, après la disparition du très conventionnel
Pie XII, veulent se donner le temps d'une transition avant d'élire
un pape d'action. Mais le nouvel élu provoque d'emblée la surprise
en annonçant un "aggiornamento" (mise à jour) de l’Eglise catholique.
Aucune entreprise comparable n'avait été menée depuis le concile de
Trente, quatre cents ans plus tôt. Au XIXème siècle, l’Eglise s'était
assoupie sous l'effet du conservatisme dominant en politique et dans
les relations sociales. Elle avait commencé à se réveiller sous le
pontificat vigoureux de Léon XIII, qui publia l'encyclique sociale
Rerum Novarum (1891) et inspira le ralliement des catholiques
français à la République.
Après
une longue pause marquée par les deux guerres mondiales, la tragédie
nazie et le pontificat ambivalent de Pie XII, Vatican II veut enfin
adapter l'Eglise au monde moderne, intégrer une réflexion religieuse
dans les mouvements d'idées et réconcilier toutes les chrétientés.
Jean XXIII, dès l'ouverture du concile, dénonce l'enseignement du
mépris et témoigne de son ouverture aux autres religions et en particulier
aux juifs. Avec le concile, il entend adapter la communication de
l'Eglise au monde moderne afin que soit mieux perçu le message de
l'Evangile. C'est ainsi que les langues usuelles se substitueront
peu à peu au latin dans les offices religieux...
Le 11 avril 1963, en pleine guerre froide entre les Etats-Unis et
l'URSS, la publication de l'encyclique Pacem in terris confirme
l'attention portée par l'Eglise aux problèmes sociaux et à la paix.
Le concile achèvera ses travaux avec Paul VI, qui succèdera à Jean
XXIII, mort le 3 juin 1963.
Béatification
En septembre 2000, le "bon pape" Jean
a été déclaré bienheureux par Jean-Paul II, en même temps que Pie
IX, dernier pape à exercer un pouvoir temporel. Cette béatification
rend hommage aux qualités humaines de l'un et l'autre pape en faisant
abstraction de leur action à la tête de l'Eglise, action contestée
à plusieurs titres en ce qui concerne Pie IX.
Pope John XXIII opens the 21st
Ecumenical Council (Vatican II) with a call for Christian unity. This
is the largest gathering of the Roman Catholic hierarchy in history;
among delegate-observers are representatives of major Protestant denominations,
in itself a sign of sweeping change. As the Bishops go in two by two,
passing John Canu who stands in the hallway, half of them on his side,
he notices that most converse with each other, but none in Latin,
the official language of the Church.
POPE OPENS VATICAN II:
Pope
John XXIII convenes an ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church--the
first in 92 years. In summoning the 21st ecumenical council--a general
meeting of the bishops of the church--the pope hoped to bring spiritual
rebirth to Catholicism and cultivate greater unity with the other
branches of Christianity. Pope John reached the papacy from simple,
peasant beginnings. Born Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli in 1881, he was
the son of an Italian tenant farmer. He was ordained a priest in 1904,
and worked as a professor, part-time historian, biographer, and diplomat.
For the first 54 years of his church career he was known as a good-natured
conformist who obediently followed orders, and this reputation had
more to do with his steady rise than did his intellectual abilities.
As papal envoy to Turkey during World War II, he saved thousands of
Jewish lives by helping arrange their escape to Palestine. Roncalli's
first high-profile post came in 1944, when he was named papal nuncio
to Charles de Gaulle's newly liberated France. It was a delicate post;
Roncalli's predecessor had collaborated with France's Vichy government,
leading to a post-occupation backlash against the Catholic leadership
in France. Roncalli carried out the assignment with grace and in 1953
was made a cardinal. Although he was popular, few imagined he would
ever be elected pope. After Pope Pius XII died in 1958, however, Roncalli
was elected leader of the Roman Catholic Church on the 12th ballot.
At 77 years of age, he was regarded as an "interim" pope by the Vatican
Curia, someone who would follow the status quo for a few years while
a younger prelate was bred to succeed him. However, Pope John XXIII
soon surprised the Vatican's conservative leadership by taking steps
to modernize the church. He met with political and religious leaders
from around the world and was the first modern pope to travel freely
in Rome, breaking with the tradition that made the pope a "prisoner
of the Vatican." He had a warm personality, and spoke with peasants
as freely as he did with the foreign dignitaries he invited to Rome.
Adored by the Catholic masses, he gradually became a kind of father
figure for Catholics around the world. The high point of his reign
was the Second Vatican Council, nicknamed Vatican II, which opened
on October 11, 1962. In calling the ecumenical council, he sought
a "New Pentecost," a new outpouring of the Holy Spirit. He sought
reconciliation for the world's divided Christianity and invited Eastern
Orthodox, Anglican, and Protestant observers to attend the proceedings.
Pope John XXIII died in June 1963, but the council continued under
his successor, Paul VI, until 1965. That year, Pope Paul began the
process that could lead to John XXIII's canonization as a saint. In
2000, Pope John Paul II beatified John XXIII, bringing him a step
closer to sainthood. |
1961 Vietnam:
Kennedy advised to intervene
^top^
At a meeting of the National Security Council, President John F. Kennedy
is asked by his advisers to accept "as our real and ultimate objective
the defeat of the Vietcong.” The Joint Chiefs of Staff estimated
that 40'000 US troops could clean up "the Vietcong threat" and another
120'000 could cope with possible North Vietnamese or Chinese Communist
intervention. Kennedy wanted to prevent the fall of South Vietnam
to the Communist insurgents, but decided to send General Maxwell Taylor
to Vietnam to study the situation. Ultimately, Kennedy would send
advisers, helicopters, and other military support to South Vietnam
to aid President Ngo Dinh Diem in his fight against the Viet Cong.
|
1954 Vietnam:
Viet Minh take control in the north
^top^
The Viet Minh formally take over Hanoi and control of North Vietnam.
The Vietnam Doc Lap Dong Minh (Vietnam Independence League), or Viet
Minh as it would become known to the world, was a Communist front
organization founded by Ho Chi Minh in 1941 to organize resistance
against French colonial rule and occupying Japanese forces.
With the end of the Japanese occupation
in 1945, the French attempted to reimpose colonial rule. The Viet
Minh launched a long and bloody guerrilla war against French colonial
forces in what came to be known as the First Indochina War. Ultimately,
the Viet Minh, under the leadership of General Vo Nguyen Giap, decisively
defeated the French at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu in May 1954. On
August 1, the armistice ending the war went into effect. The triumphant
Viet Minh marched into Hanoi as the French prepared to withdraw their
forces.
Under the provisions
of the agreement signed at the Geneva Conference in July, Vietnam
was to be temporarily split into approximately equal halves. The two
halves were to be separated by a Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) running
along the 17th parallel. The northern half was to be governed by the
Democratic Republic of Vietnam, which had been proclaimed by Ho Chi
Minh, and the southern half would be governed by the noncommunist
State of Vietnam until 1956, at which time the two zones were to be
reunified following internationally supervised elections.
Ngo Dinh Diem, who had become premier of the State of Vietnam in June,
was a Catholic and staunchly anticommunist. Diem disliked the Geneva
Accords and set about to consolidate his power in the south. By the
middle of 1955, Diem had effectively gained control of most of South
Vietnam, and in July of that year, he declared his refusal to permit
the elections called for at Geneva. This announcement led to a stepped-up
insurgency in the south and ultimately to the Second Indochina War,
when North Vietnamese regular units were committed in the south and
US forces arrived. Vietnam was not reunited until April 1975, when
North Vietnamese troops captured Saigon. . |
1952 Comienzo de una ofensiva en Vietnam, dirigida por
Vo Nguyen Giap, contra el norte del país Thai.
1950
The Federal Communications Commission authorizes the Columbia Broadcasting
System (CBS) to begin commercial color TV broadcasts.
1949
A law for controling the church in Czechoslovakia is passed by its Parliament.
It becomes effective Nov 1, 1949.
1947 EE.UU. se
declara partidario del reparto de Palestina.
1946
Tropas del Kuomintang ocupan Kalang.
1946 Fracasa
un levantamiento militar en el norte de Portugal.
1946
Yugoslavia's archbishop Stepanic is sentenced to 16 years in prison. He
made a bold testimony at his trial, standing up for the oppressed church
and its murdered priests.
1945 In China, negotiations
between Nationalist leader Chiang Kai-shek and Communist leader Mao Tse-tung
break down. Nationalist and Communist troops are soon engaged in a civil
war.
1941 Tropas estadounidenses ocupan la estación
meteorológica alemana de Groenlandia.
1941 Comienza
en Moscú la evacuación de mujeres y niños.
^
1939 Einstein urges President Roosevelt to develop
nuclear weapons.
The economist Alexander Sachs, an unofficial advisor to US president
Franklin D. Roosevelt, presents a letter to the president written
by scientist Albert Einstein. Within the letter, Einstein argues the
scientific feasibility of atomic weapons, and urges the rapid development
of a US atomic program. The physicists Leo Szilard, Eugene Wigner,
and Edward Teller, who were profoundly disturbed by the lack of American
atomic action, had enlisted the aid of the Nobel prize-winner Einstein
in the summer of 1939, hoping that a letter from such a renowned scientist
would help attract Roosevelt's attention.
Einstein, a life-long pacifist, agreed to the venture because of his
fear of sole Nazi possession of the deadly weapon, a possibility that
became especially troubling after Germany ceased the sale of uranium
ore from occupied Czechoslovakia. After reading Einstein's letter,
President Roosevelt appoints the Uranium Committee, a limited program
that does not receive a substantial budget until December 6, 1941,
the day before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. In 1942,
the highly secret US atomic program becomes known as the Manhattan
Project, and in 1945 the international team of scientists successfully
tests the world's first atomic bomb in the desert of New |
1939 Édouard Daladier rechaza la propuesta de paz de Adolfo
Hitler.
^
1939 AFL takes an anti-war position
The American Federation of Labor (AFL)
declared its opposition to US involvement in World War II. Far from
a radical response to America's potential engagement in the war, the
AFL's stance was in line with majority opinion. At the time, President
Roosevelt was a major proponent of keeping US troops at home. The
AFL was not, however, an entirely passive observer of the war. At
the same time that they announced their opposition to US involvement,
the union also chose to begin a boycott of German, Japanese and Russian
goods. |
1938 El presidente Franklin Delano Roosevelt anuncia la
intensificación del rearme estadounidense ante el desarrollo de la crisis
europea.
1934 Se restablece la pena de muerte por
garrote vil en España, tras la fracasada intentona revolucionaria.
1923 German mark falls to 10 billion per pound, 4 billion
per $1
1918 Alemania, el Imperio Austrohúngaro y
Turquia firman el armisticio en Rethondes.
1914
During World War I, the Cathedral of Notre Dame suffered minor damage during
German shelling of Paris. (Notre Dame, the most famous of the Gothic cathedrals
of the Middle Ages, is distinguished for both its size and antiquity.)
1906 San Francisco school board orders the segregation
of Oriental schoolchildren, inciting Japanese outrage.
1911
La Lliga Regionalista publica un documento en el que acepta la coalición
con las derechas para las próximas elecciones.
1911
Se firma en Berlín la primera parte de un tratado franco-alemán sobre la
cuestión marroquí.
^
1899 The Boer War begins in South Africa
The South African Boer War begins between
the British Empire and Boers of the Transvaal and Orange Free State.
Boers, also known as Afrikaners, were the descendants of the original
Dutch settlers of southern Africa. At the end of the Napoleonic wars,
Britain took possession of the Dutch Cape colony, sparking resistance
from the independence-minded Boers, who resented the Anglicization
of South Africa and Britain's anti-slavery policies. In 1833--the
year that slavery was abolished in the British Empire--the Boers began
an exodus into African tribal territory, where they founded the republics
of the Transvaal and the Orange Free State. The two new republics
lived peaceably with their British neighbors until 1867, when the
discovery of diamonds and gold in the region made conflict between
the Boer states and Britain inevitable.
Following declarations of independence from the Boer states during
the 1880s, minor fighting with Britain ensued before the outbreak
of full-scale war in 1899. By mid-June of 1900, British forces had
captured most major Boers cities and formally annexed their territories,
but the Boers launched a guerrilla war that frustrated the British
occupiers. Beginning in 1901, the British began a strategy of systematically
searching out and destroying these guerilla units, while herding the
families of the Boer soldiers into concentration camps. By 1902, the
British had crushed the Boer resistance and on 31 May 1902, the Treaty
of Vereeniging was signed in Pretoria, ending hostilities in the South
African Boer War. In 1910, the autonomous Union of South Africa was
established by the British. It included the two Boer republics (Transvaal,
and the Orange Free State), and the old colonies of the Cape of Good
Hope, and Natal.
Début de la guerre
des Boers en Afrique du Sud Descendants de colons hollandais établis
au Transvaal, les Boers demandaient le départ des troupes britaniques.
A cause du refus de l'Angleterre, la guerre se prolongea jusqu'en
1902. Les Boers livrèrent aux britaniques de farouches combats avant
d'être écrasés sous le nombre. |
1865 Pres Johnson paroles CSA VP Alexander Stephens
1864 Slavery abolished in Maryland
1862
The Confederate Congress in Richmond passes a draft law allowing anyone
owning 20 or more slaves to be exempt from military service. This law confirms
many southerners opinion that they are in a 'rich man's war and a poor man's
fight.'
1862 Skirmish near Helena, Arkansas
^
1862 Reb raid on Pennsylvania.
Confederate cavalry leader General
J.E.B. Stuart loots Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, on a daring raid in
the aftermath of the Battle of Antietam. Stuart left Virginia on 09
October 1862 with 1800 cavalrymen. At the time, the Union Army of
the Potomac was still camped in western Maryland. Its commander, George
McClellan, was reluctant to pursue General Robert E. Lee's Army of
Northern Virginia back across the Potomac after Antietam on 17 September.
Stuart was trying to gather information on McClellan's army and harass
his supply lines. As the Rebels rode through Maryland, they captured
any male travelers they saw in order to keep their activities secret,
though Stuart refused to detain women. On the evening of 10 October,
the Confederate troopers entered Chambersburg. About half of the supplies
for the Union army came through the rail center, and Stuart planned
to destroy a railway bridge in the town. Local officials fled, and
there were no Federal troops to be found when Stuart's men rode in
on the evening of 10 October. On the morning of 11 October, they began
cutting telegraph lines, seizing horses and any supplies they could
carry, and destroying everything else. The railway bridge proved to
be more than the Rebels could handle. Attempts to destroy the steel
structure failed, and Stuart ordered his men to turn back to Virginia
by the afternoon of 11 October. Stuart's men headed back through Emmitsburg,
Maryland, where he learned that a Federal cavalry force was waiting
for him at Frederick, 30 km south. Stuart used backroads and wove
between two Union forces before crossing the Potomac River on 12 October.
The three-day raid covered some 200 km, netted 1200 horses, and captured
30 local officials to be exchanged for Confederate civil prisoners.
Stuart also destroyed many machine shops at the rail center in Chambersburg.
His force suffered just one man wounded and two missing. |
1838 C'est parce que le dictateur Rosas a décrété un monopole
commercial de Buenos Aires qui contrarie le commerce français qu'une escadre
française, ce jour, établit un blocus sur le Rio de la Plata. L'île Martin-Garcia
est capturée.
1835 Decreto de extinción, de las órdenes
religiosas en España, y de la desamortización de bienes eclesiásticos, a
excepción de las dedicadas al cuidado de los enfermos, como los Hermanos
Hospitalarios de San Juan de Dios, las dedicadas a la enseñanza como los
escolapios y las que forman misioneros para Filipinas.
1811
The first steam-powered ferryboat, the Juliana, is put
into operation between New York City and Hoboken, N.J.
1797
British naval forces defeat Dutch off Camperdown, the Netherlands
1795 Impressed by general Bonaparte's role in putting
down a rebellion in the streets of Paris, France's National Convention appoints
him second in command of the Army of the Interior.
^
1776 Battle of Valcour Island: naval defeat of Benedict
Arnold's Americans
During the American Revolution, a British fleet under Sir Guy Carleton
defeats fifteen American gunboats under the command of Brigadier General
Benedict Arnold at the Battle of Valcour Island on Lake Champlain,
New York. Although nearly all of Arnold's ship are destroyed, it takes
over two days for the British to subdue the naval force, delaying
Carleton's campaign and giving the Patriot ground forces adequate
time to prepare a crucial defense of New York.
Four years later, Benedict Arnold, as commander of West Point, agrees
to surrender the important Hudson River fort to the British for a
bribe of £20'000 (or 6000?) . The plot is discovered after British
spy John André is captured, forcing Arnold to flee to British
protection where he joins in their fight against the country that
he once so valiantly served. He died in London in 1801. His name is
synonymous with the word "traitor" in American speech. |
LE>
.1749 Victoire de Rocourt. Dans le cours de cette guerre
de Succession d'Autriche, le maréchal de France Maurice de Saxe remporte
une nouvelle victoire sur les Autrichiens.
1727 George
II of England crowned.
1698 Francia, Inglaterra y
Holanda firman en La Haya un tratado para repartirse los territorios de
la Corona de España, a la muerte sin descendencia de Carlos II el Hechizado.
1551 The 13th Session of the Council of Trent opened,
during which major decisions were reached regarding the Catholic doctrine
of the Eucharist.
1540 Charles V in Milan puts his
son Philip in control.
1531 The Catholics defeat
the Protestants at Kappel during Switzerland's second civil war.
1521
Leo X confers the title "Fidei Defensor" upon England's Henry
VIII. Three popes and 13 years later, Henry severed all ties with Rome and
establish the Church of England to be free to divorce from Catherine of
Aragon.
1469 Entrevista en Dueñas (Valladolid) de
Fernando V de Aragón con Isabel I de Castilla, que determinó el matrimonio
de los futuros Reyes Católicos.
1394 Pedro de Luna
es coronado como Benedicto XIII (antipapa).
^
Deaths
which occurred on an 11 October:
2003
Eight Palestinians: Ibrahim Krinawi, 8; Sami Salah, 12; Mabruk Juda,
18; Yihya Sharif, 19; Nader Abu Taha, 22; Mohammed Abed Alwahab, 23; Mohammed
Yunis, 28; and Ala Mansur, 23; (the last 4 were armed); most of
them by a missile fired at a crowd in the Rafah refugee camp, Gaza Strip,
by an Israeli helicopter, and the others by other fire from dozens of tanks
and armored vehicles accompanied by helicopters and bulldozers which, in
the early hours, sweeps into the southern Gaza Strip and assaults the refugee
camps which are home to more than 30'000 persons in order to expose and
destroy tunnels used to smuggle weapons from Egypt into the Gaza Strip.
This continues for several days. There are no Israeli casualties. At least
70 Palestinians, including women, children, the old, are wounded. The wounded
included medical crews working in the area. Initially, the Israeli invaders
prevented the ambulances from reaching the area, but later allow them to
evacuate wounded people to a makeshift clinic set up near the Abu Yusef
A-Najad Hospital in Rafah. The impromptu clinic can only provide basic treatment.
Palestinian medical personnel kept calling on people to donate blood.
The invading Israelis first destroyed the
generators providing electricity to the camps' residents, as well as the
telephone lines and water supply. They imposed a curfew and closure in the
region. Then the bulldozers isolated the area by piling earth and boulders
on the roads and the troops captured about 10 houses, posting snipers in
them. The invading tanks, armored vehicles and helicopters fired at and
shelled Palestinian militants, who fired back. The Israelis surrounded and
raided houses that were near suspected tunnels. Bulldozers destroyed about
30 houses, flattening the land near the border, and tore up greenhouses
and irrigation lines.
2003 At least 37 Maoist rebels and 3
other persons in fight between the Maoists and police in the west
of Nepal.
2002 Kenneth H. Bridges, 53, who was filling
his car's gasoline tank at an Exxon station just outside Fredericksburg,
Virginia, at 09:35 by a single .223-caliber bullet from high-powered rifle
“X” which has previously killed seven persons and wounded two
in the Washington DC extended area.. A state police officer was investigating
a traffic accident just 50 m from the victim. Bridges was a Black from Philadelphia,
a father of six, and co-founder of a marketing distribution company. Bridges
was president and chairman of the board of MATAH Network, an organization
that encourages Blacks to support Black-owned businesses and to promote
Black self-sufficiency. Bridges was hit once in the shoulder by a bullet
that struck a vital organ.
2002 Six persons and Petri Gerdt,
19, who detonates his home-made bomb at 19:36 in the Myyrmanni mall in Vantaa,
suburb 15 km north of Helsinki, injures 80, and severely damages 10% of
its 3000 square meters. Gerdt, a chemical engineering student, acting alone,
had made the 2-kg bomb from gunshot pellets and pieces of metal, using information
from an Internet bomb makers' chatroom he frequented under the screen name
“rc”. Opened in 1994 and run by Finnish Citycon, the mall is the
second largest in Finland. It has 138 shops and restaurants.— Räjähdys
kauppakeskuksessa surmasi kuusi, kymmeniä loukkaantui Vantaalla
Kuusi ihmistä kuoli ja mahdollisesti jopa kahdeksankymmentä loukkaantui
kauppakeskus Myyrmannissa Vantaalla perjantai-iltana tapahtuneessa räjähdyksessä.
Räjähdyksen syy oli vielä yöllä epäselvää.
2002 Shaden
Abu Hijla, about 65, by burst of machine gun fire from a passing
Israeli army jeep, while she, a peace activist, was sitting in her garden
embroidering, in Nablus, West Bank, which was undergoing a lengthy curfew.
Her husband, a doctor, and her son, a university professor, are wounded.
2001 Luis Elias Marin, his driver, and three others, by paramilitaries,
near Montañitas, Colombia. Marín was mayor of Cartagena del
Chaira.
2001 Master Sgt. Evander Earl Andrews of
the 366th Civil Engineer Squadron based at Mountain Home Air Force Base
in Idaho, in a heavy equipment accident in the northern part of the Arabian
Peninsula, where his unit is in support of Operation Enduring Freedom (the
so-called "War Against Terrorism”, which may or may not be more
successful than the disastrous “War Against Drugs”), of which
he becomes the first US dead.
2000 Karam
Omar Kanan, 18,
of Kan Yones, Gaza Strip, one of several Palestinians killed by Israeli
soldiers during riots of the Aqsa intifadah.
1996
William
Vickrey
1996 Edwin
Henry Spanier, US mathematician born on 08 August 1921. Author
of Algebraic Topology (1966)
^
1996 William
Spencer Vickrey , Canadian-born (21 Jun 1914)
US economist, who, three days earlier, was named co-winner, with O.
J. Mirlees [05 Jul 1936~] of the UK, of the 1996
Nobel economics prize, "for their fundamental contributions to
the economic theory of incentives under asymmetric information".
Vickrey's family moved from Canada
to New York when he was three months old. He was educated at Yale
University (BS 1935) and Columbia University (MA 1937; PhD 1947),
where he taught throughout his career. A Quaker, he was a conscientious
objector during World War II and spent those years performing public
service and developing an inheritance tax for Puerto Rico.
Vickrey had a keen interest in human welfare, often choosing projects
with practical applications. His studies of traffic congestion concluded
that pricing on commuter trains and toll roads should vary according
to usage, with higher fees levied during peak-use periods. This congestion
pricing was later adopted by electric and telephone utilities and
airlines. In his doctoral thesis, published as Agenda for Progressive
Taxation (1947), he advocated an “optimal income tax”
that would be based on long-term earnings rather than on yearly income.
In awarding him the 1996 Nobel Prize,
the selection committee specifically cited his novel approach to auctioneering
(now known as a “Vickrey auction”), which, through sealed
bidding,awards the auctioned item to the highest bidder but at the
price submitted by the second highest bidder. This method, said Vickrey,
benefits both buyer and seller by guaranteeing bidsthat reflect the
fair value of the item. Vickrey did not live to receive the Nobel
Prize. In the flurry of activity that followed the Nobel announcement,
he died of a heart attack just three days after being named. |
1985 Orson Welles, 70, of a heart attack
1985
Alex Odeh, Arab-American activist, by a bomb in Santa Ana, California.
1982 Josep Renau, pintor y cartelista español.
1977 Dr Mason Gross, 66, professor (Think Fast, 2 for
the Money)
1963 Jean Cocteau, French writer.
1961 Leonard "Chico" Marx (Marx Brothers), 74
1958
Osvaldo Licini, Italian artist born on 22 March 1894.
1948 André
Bloch, French mathematician born on 20 November 1893. On 17
Nov 1917, at a family meal, he murdered one of his brothers, his uncle,
and his aunt. He was confined to a psychiatric hospital (Saint-Maurice Hospital)
where he worked on a large range of topics, function theory, geometry, number
theory, algebraic equations and kinematics. Bloch explained the murders
to his doctor saying: “It's a matter of mathematical logic. There
had been mental illness in my family.” He saw it as his eugenic duty!
^
1942 US and Japanese sailors at the Battle of Cape
Espérance
US cruisers and destroyers decisively defeat a Japanese task force
in a night surface encounter near the Solomon Islands.
.
The American Navy intercepts
a Japanese fleet of ships on their way to reinforce troops at Guadalcanal.
The Navy succeeded in its operation, sinking a majority of the ships.
The battle for Guadalcanal began in August, when the Marines landed
in the first American offensive of the war. The ground fighting saw
US troops gain a decisive edge, wiping out detachments and regiments
in brutal combat. The most effective Japanese counterstrikes came
from the air and sea, with bombing raids harassing the Marines and
threatening their dwindling supplies. But before the Japanese could
reinforce their own ground troops, the Navy went to work.
The battle of Cape Espérance, on the northwest coast of Guadalcanal
Island, begins at night between surface ships; all Japanese reinforcements
came at night, an operation nicknamed the Tokyo Express. The Navy
sank one Japanese cruiser, the Furutaka, and three destroyers,
while losing only one of their own destroyers. In characteristic fashion,
those Japanese sailors who found themselves floundering in the water
refused rescue by Americans; they preferred to be devoured by the
sharks as a fate less shameful than capture.
Unfortunately, the loss of American manpower was greater than that
of hardware: 48 sailors from the American destroyer Duncan
were the victims of crossfire between the belligerents, and more than
a hundred others died when an American cruiser turned on a searchlight
to better target a Japanese ship. It also had the unintended effect
of illuminating the sailors of the cruiser, making them easy targets.
The American Navy continued to harass
Japanese ships trying to reinforce the Japanese position on the island;
relatively few Japanese troops made it ashore. By the end of 1942,
the Japanese were ready to evacuate the island-in defeat. |
1940 Vito
Volterra, Italian mathematician born on 03 May 1860. He published
papers on partial differential equations, particularly the equation of cylindrical
waves. His most famous work was done on integral equations. He published
many papers on what is now called 'an integral equation of Volterra type'.
1935 Samuel John Peploe, Scottish painter born on 27 January
1871. — more with
links to images.
^
1923 Mail clerk and 3 passengers, in a train robbery
Three men blow up the mail car of a
Southern Pacific train carrying passengers through southern Oregon
in a botched robbery attempt. Just as the train entered a tunnel,
two armed men jumped the engineer. A third man appeared with a bomb
that the thieves intended to use to open the mail car. However, the
explosives were too powerful and the entire mail car was blown to
bits, killing the clerk inside. In the ensuing chaos, the train robbers
shot three passengers on the train and fled. They left behind the
detonator and some clothes, but bloodhounds were unable to track them.
Southern Pacific decided to bring in Edward O. Heinrich, the "Edison
of Crime Detection," to solve the crime. He immediately asked to examine
the clothes that the gang had discarded at the crime scene. With methods
worthy of Sherlock Holmes, Heinrich produced within a day a profile
that led to the capture of the train robbers.
Heinrich noted that what the police had thought were grease stains
were actually created by pitch from fir trees, commonly found on clothing
worn by lumberjacks of the region. He also found a strand of hair
that helped him peg the age of one of the robbers. Heinrich also noticed
that the wear and tear on the buttons of one shirt indicated that
its owner was left-handed. Most important, he found a scrap of paper
that turned out to be part of a mail receipt. He tracked the mail
receipt, and the identities of the three men were soon known. In March
1927, twins Ray and Roy D'Autremont and their teenage brother, Hugh,
were finally brought to justice. One was found in the Philippines
and the other two in Ohio. They all pleaded guilty and were sentenced
to life in prison. It was only one of the estimated 2,000 cases that
Edward O. Heinrich was credited with solving before his death in 1953.
|
1915 Edith Cavell, an English nurse in Belgium, is executed
by Germans for aiding the escape of Allied prisoners, despite international
protests.
1911 Eugène Henri Cauchois, French artist
born on 14 February 1850.
1899 José María Galván y Candela,
pintor y grabador español.
1896 Joseph Anton Bruckner,
compositor austriaco.
1893 Ford Madox Brown, English
Pre-Raphaelite
painter born on 16 April 1821. — MORE
ON BROWN AT ART “4” OCTOBER
with links to images.
1889 James Prescott Joule,
físico británico.
1888 (in the night of 11 to 12 Oct) Ludwig
Friedrich Wilhelm Riefstahl, German artist born on 15 October 1827
1878 William
Preston “Wild Bill” Longley, hanged, outlaw, born
in Austin County, Texas, on 06 October 1851. The legend that he had escaped
the hanging was authoritatively announced on 13 June 2001 to have been disproved,
after his body was found and subjected to DNA testing.
1875
Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux, escultor francés.
1852 Ferdinand
Gotthold Max Eisenstein, German mathematician born on 16 April
1823. He worked on a variety of topics including quadratic and cubic forms,
the reciprocity theorem for cubic residues, quadratic partition of prime
numbers and reciprocity laws.
^
1809 Meriwether Lewis, 35, suicide or murder?
(leader of Lewis & Clark Expedition)
The
famous explorer Meriwether Lewis dies under mysterious circumstances
in the early hours of the morning after stopping for the night at
Grinder's Tavern along the Natchez Trace in Tennessee.
Three years earlier, Lewis and his co-commander, William Clark, had
completed their brilliant exploration of the newly acquired Louisiana
Territory and the Pacific Northwest. Justly famous and celebrated
throughout the nation as a result, Lewis nonetheless found his return
to civilized eastern life difficult. President Thomas Jefferson appointed
him as governor of Louisiana Territory, but Lewis soon discovered
that the complex politics and power struggles of the territory were
earning him more enemies than friends. At the same time, bureaucrats
in Washington DC, were questioning the legitimacy of some of the purchases
Lewis had made for the expedition in 1803, raising the threat of bankruptcy
if he were forced to cover these costs personally. Finally, some three
years after the end of his journey, Lewis still had failed to complete
the work necessary to publish the critically important scientific
and geographical information he and Clark had gathered in their journals-much
to the disappointment of his close friend and mentor, Thomas Jefferson.
For all these reasons, most recent
historians have concluded that Lewis' death was a suicide brought
on by deep depression and the heavy weight of worries he bore. According
to the account given by Mrs. Grinder, the mistress of the tavern along
the Natchez Trace where Lewis died, during his final hours Lewis began
to pace in his room and talk aloud to himself "like a lawyer.”
She then heard a pistol shot and Lewis exclaiming, "O Lord!" After
a second pistol shot, Lewis staggered from his room and called for
help, reportedly saying, "O Madam! Give me some water, and heal my
wounds.” Strangely, Mrs. Grinder did nothing to help him; she
later said that she was too afraid. The next morning servants went
to his room where they reportedly found him "busily engaged in cutting
himself from head to foot" with a razor. Fatally wounded in the abdomen,
Lewis died shortly after sunrise. Based largely on Mrs. Grinder's
story, most historians have argued that Lewis tried to kill himself
with two pistol shots, and when death did not come quickly enough,
tried to finish the job with his razor.
However, in a 1962 book, Suicide or Murder? The Strange Death
of Governor Meriwether Lewis, the author Vardes Fisher raised
questions about the reliability of Mrs. Grinder's story and suggested
that Lewis might have actually been murdered, either by Mrs. Grinder's
husband or bandits. Since then a minority of historians has continued
to raise challenges to the suicide thesis. But ultimately, nearly
two centuries after the event, we may never be able to discover exactly
what happened that night along the Natchez Trace when one of the nation's
greatest heroes died at the tragically young age of 35. |
1791 “Johann
Castillon”, German mathematician and astronomer born,
Tuscan in Castiglione, Giovanni Francesco Melchiore Salvemini, on 15 January
1704. His first two papers are on the cardioid curve which he named. He
also studied conic sections, cubic equations and artillery problems.
1779 General Casimir Pulaski, Polish nobleman killed while
fighting for US independence during the Battle of Savannah, Georgia.
1737 Some 300'000 killed by earthquake which destroys a
great part of Calcutta
1731 John
Craig, Scottish mathematician born in 1663. Author of Methodus
figurarum lineis rectis et curvis comprehensarum quadraturas determinandi,
of Tractatus mathematicus de figurarum curvilinearum quadraturis et
locis geometricis (1693), of De optica analytica (1718) and
of Theologiae Christianae Principia Mathematica (1699) which applies
probability to show that the evidence of the truth of the gospels is diminished
through time. He claimed that it reaches 0 in the year 3144, so "proves"
that this is an upper bound for the Second Coming of Christ.
1708 Ehrenfried
Walter von Tschirnhaus, German scientist and mathematician
born on 10 April 1651. He worked on the solution of equations and the study
of curves. He is best known for the transformation which removes the term
of degree n-1 from an equation of degree n.
1583 Hugo Grotius
Holland, jurist, father of international law
1697 Stefano
degli Angeli, Venitian Catholic priest (of the Congregation
of Hieronymites aka Jesuates until its 1668 suppression), mathematician,
born on 11 September 1623. He studied under Bonaventura
Cavalieri [1598 – 30 Nov 1647], also a Jesuate. Degli Angeli's
many mathematical works were on infinitesimals which he used to study spirals,
parabolas, and hyperbolas. Author of De infinitorum parabolis (1654),
De infinitorum spiralium spatiorum mensura (1660), De infinitorum
cochlearum (1661).
1631 Marten Ryckaert, Flemish
artist born on 08 December 1587. — link
to images.
^
1531 Ulrich Zwingli and many other Swiss Protestants,
in battle as their attack on Catholics turns to rout
When Zwingli was born on 01 January
1481, the world he entered was passing into a spiritual and political
ferment in which he would be a prime mover. As a boy he early distinguished
himself at studies and music. He determined to become a priest and
was ordained at the age of 23. Zwingli hand-copied and memorized Paul's
letters in the original Greek. Impressed by the reform writings of
the great humanist scholar Erasmus, he moved toward reformation possibly
even before Luther. The use of Swiss young men as mercenaries especially
evoked his ire. Having accompanied two expeditions as a chaplain,
he spoke vehemently against the practice which squandered their blood.
As priest of Einsiedeln, a city whose income came from pilgrimages,
he boldly preached against pilgrimages, too, labeling them a corruption.
When an indulgence was sold in Switzerland, he denounced it. The first
day of 1519, Zwingli came as pastor to Zurich, the city of his life's
work. There he continued his battle against indulgences. The Pope
recalled the seller.
Zwingli
also announced that he would not read the prescribed lessons but preach
the gospel of Matthew instead. He did so, pouring forth objections
to the use of images in the church, to the mass and other practices
of the church which he considered to be in error. Christ alone is
sufficient for salvation. It is one of the interesting characteristics
of the Swiss Reformation that local leaders voted on doctrine, making
religious decisions for their constituents. This practice of Zurich
was followed by other Swiss Protestants and helped create modern democracy.
Zurich's town leaders took to heart Zwingli's teaching. It was they,
not Zwingli, who ordered that the Holy Scriptures be taught "without
human additions.” It was they who challenged theologians to convict
Zwingli of error if they could. It was they who ordered images removed
from churches. Protestant and Catholic in Switzerland remained at
odds. The Protestants established a blockade, threatening Catholics
with starvation. In 1531 the Catholic cantons marched against Zurich.
Zwingli joined the troops on the battlefield. Fifteen-hundred men
from Zurich faced 6,000 from the Catholic cantons. Under feeble leadership,
on badly chosen ground near Kappel, they made critical errors. Failing
to maul their opponents at an opportune moment, they allowed them
to gain the cover of a beech wood. They did not retreat to a safer
line while able.
At about 16:00
on 11 October 1531, the Catholics begin the assault. Half an hour
later the Protestants are wiped out. Zwingli is among the dead. His
body was quartered and mixed with dung. |
^
1424 Jan Žižka, born in 1376,
dies of the bubonic plague. He was a military commander and national
hero of Bohemia who led the victorious Hussite Protestant armies against
the German king Sigismund, foreshadowing the revolution of military
tactics two centuries later in his introduction of mobile artillery.
Žižka g
rew up at the court
of the German king Wenceslas (King Wenceslas IV of Bohemia) [26 Feb
1361 – 16 Aug 1419]. He early lost an eye. After spending most
of his life as a mercenary for the Poles and fighting with them at
the Battle of Grunwald (1410), he returned to Bohemia and became a
follower of the religious reformer Jan Hus. When Wenceslas died, his
half-brother Sigismund [15 Feb 1368 – 09 Dec 1437] attempted
to ascend the Bohemian throne, but the Bohemians, aware that Sigismund
would try to suppress Hussitism, organized a resistance. Žižka
became a leader of the Taborites, one of the newly formed peasant
military communities that, with their tight discipline and religious
and nationalist zeal, were vastly superior to the undisciplined feudal
levies that they opposed.
Žižka
revolutionized warfare through the introduction of cannon mounted
on mobile, armoured farm wagons. He was one of the first commanders
to handle infantry, cavalry, and artillery as one tactical body. Reduced
to the tactical defensive by his cumbersome wagons, he became a master
at forcing his enemies to attack at a disadvantage. Žižka's
system proved practically unbeatable. He crushed Sigismund near Prague
in 1420. Losing the sight of his remaining eye shortly thereafter,
he continued to lead his forces to victory against both Roman Catholics
and rival Hussite elements. After his death Hussite armies continued
to defeat foreign invaders, finally succumbing after a decade and
a half as a result of internal rivalries.
Despite Žižka's obvious success, Europe failed to heed his
military system for 200 years. Lingering feudalism and relatively
weak central governmental authority partly explain this lapse. Only
with the advent of the Swedish king Gustav II Adolf and his reintroduction
of mobile artillery in the 17th century did Žižka's system
become incorporated into European tactics.
—
Né du martyre de Jan Huss, le mouvement hussite souleva toute la Bohême.
Le 30 Jul 1419, une foule en délire envahissait les rues de Prague
et procédait à la défenestration de notables catholiques. Ainsi commençait
dix-huit années de guerre hussites. Rassemblés derrière la bannière
au Calice (qui symbolisait leur volonté de retourner à la communion
sous les deux espèces), les hussites se donnèrent une forme de programme
commun (les Quatres Articles) et recrutèrent une armée capable de
les défendre contre les impériaux de Sigismond, le frère de Venceslas
IV. Leur chef était Jan Ziska, seigneur de Trocnov, une tête froide,
borgne puis aveugle, Ziska se révéla d’une audace et d’une ingéniosité
stupéfiantes. N'ayant pas le temps de former des cavaliers, il se
borna à constituer une infanterie. La discipline était impitoyable;
la moralité la plus stricte était exigée. Ziska faisait la chasse
aux «hommes sans foi, sans discipline, menteurs, voleurs, pillards,
ivrognes, jureurs, débauchés, adultères». Avant de livrer combat,
les hommes communiaient sous les deux espèces, puis ils montaient
en ligne en chantant des cantiques. Mais Ziska mourut de la peste
le 11 octobre 1424. Ses hommes se surnommèrent les Orphelins. Pourtant,
«frère Zisca du Calice» reçut un successeur digne de lui, Procope
le Grand.
— Jan
Žižka, Bohemian general who refused to allow Roman
Catholics to restore their rule over his land. He led the so-called
"Warriors of God," using wagons with guns mounted on them in an early
conception of the tank. He had lost sight of an eye as a child and
lost sight of the other in battle. He still led his men until he died
of bubonic plague. |
1347 Ludwig IV “der Bayer”, who was born in
1283, duke of upper Bavaria (from 1294) and of united Bavaria (1340–1347),
German king (from 1314), and Holy Roman emperor , first of the Wittelsbach
line of German emperors. His reign was marked by incessant diplomatic and
military struggles to defend the right of the empire to elect an emperor
independently of the papacy, to consolidate his own position, and to improve
the status of his family. Ludwig feuded with Pope John
XXII [1249 – 04 Dec 1334], who excommunicated him on 23 March
1324. On 17 January 1328, Ludwig received in Rome the imperial crown from
Sciarra Colonna, who on 18 April 1328, in the name of Ludwig der Bayer,
proclaimed John XXII a heretic, usurper, and oppressor of the Church, and
deprived him of all his papal dignities. A straw image of the pope was publicly
burned in Rome, and on 12 May 1328 the Franciscan (of the Spiritual faction,
which had been condemned by the Pope), Pietro Rainalducci of Corvaro or
Corbario [1260 – 16 Oct 1333], was proclaimed (anti)pope by Ludwig,
taking at his consecration (22 May 1328) the name of Nicholas V, who later
repented and was absolved by John XXII on 25 August 1330. Ludwig continued,
until his death, to feud with the Popes, John XXII and his successors Benedict
XII [–24 Apr 1342] and Clement
VI [1291 – 06 Dec 1352]. — Portrait Kaiser
Ludwig der Bayer (289x216pix, 34kb) by Dorner [18 Jul 1741 –
22 May 1813]
|
^
Births
which occurred on an 11 October:
1957 El doctor Zhivago, novela de Boris Leonidovich
Pasternak [10 Feb 1890 – 30 May 1960], se publica (será inmortalizada
en 1965 en el cine por David Lean).
1936 Alberto Vázquez
Figueroa, escritor español.
^
1925 Elmore Leonard, novelist,
in New Orleans.
His father worked
for General Motors, and the family moved frequently during Leonard's
childhood, finally settling in Detroit. During World War II, Leonard
served in the US Naval Reserve, then graduated from the University
of Detroit with a degree in English in 1950.
He decided to write either westerns or detective novels, whichever
would generate the most income. After he sold a western for $1000,
he quickly churned out eight more. One of his books, Hombre
(1961), was voted one of the best 25 westerns of all time by the Western
Writers of America. It was made into a film in 1967. Leonard married
and had five children. To support the family, he worked as a copywriter
at an advertising agency full time and on his novels every morning
between 5 a.m. and 7 a.m. Westerns peaked in popularity in the late
1960s, so he turned to detective fiction. His first mystery, The
Big Bounce (1969), was rejected by 84 publishers before it was
published as an original paperback.
Meanwhile, Leonard began writing educational films for Encyclopedia
Britannica. In the 1980s and 90s, the quality of his writing and originality
of his plots finally began to gain serious recognition among critics,
who had previously dismissed his work as typical western or mystery-suspense
fare. By 1983, he had written 23 novels, including Fifty-Two Pickup
(1974), Swag (1976), and Stick (1983), which became
a bestseller. His 1992 novel, Rum Punch, was made into the
movie Jackie Brown, directed by Quentin Tarantino. His 1990
novel, Get Shorty, was made into a movie starring John Travolta
in 1995. |
1923 Harish-Chandra,
India US mathematian who died on 16 October 1983. His most notable work
was on representations of semisimple Lie algebras and groups.
1920
Edgar Negret Dueñas, escultor colombiano.
1910
Joseph Alsop, US political newspaper columnist who died on 28 August
1989.
1910 Cahit
Arf, Turkish mathematician {often invoqued by dogs} who died
on 26 December 1997. Much of Arf's most important work was in algebraic
number theory and he invented Arf invariants which have many applications
in topology. His early work was on quadratic forms in fields, particularly
fields of characteristic 2. His name is not only attached to Arf invariants
but he is also remembered for the Hasse-Arf Theorem which is an application
of algebra to geometry. In ring theory, Arf rings are named after him.
1897 Gen Nathan F. Twining USAF (Neither Liberty nor Safety)
1896 Roman Jakobson linguist/Slavic scholar (Fundamentals
of Language)
1892 Anton Räderscheidt, German
painter who died in 1970. — more
with links to images.
1892 Emma Prosser, of New York
state, who died on 01 April 2003.
1890 The Daughters of the
American Revolution is founded in Washington, D.C.
1885 François Mauriac France, novelist/poet/playwright (Nobel
1952)
1885 Alfréd
Haar, Hungarian mathematician who died on 16 March 1933. He
worked in analysis studying orthogonal systems of functions, partial differential
equations, Chebyshev approximations and linear inequalities. He is best
remembered for his work on analysis on groups, introducing a measure on
groups, now called the Haar measure.
1884 Anna Eleanor Roosevelt,
daughter of Elliott Roosevelt, brother of 26th US President Theodore Roosevelt.
She would be the wife of 32nd US President Franklin D. Roosevelt (30 Jan
1882 – 12 Apr 1945), a crusader; a US Delegate to the United Nations
(where she played a major role in the adoption of the Universal Declaration
of Human Rights in 1948). This Is My Story (1937) and On My
Own (1958) are her autobiography. She died on 07 November 1962.
1884 Henry Heinz (catsup & pickle mogul: Heinz 57 Varieties)
1884 Friedrich Karl Rudolf Bergius, industrial y
quimico alemán.
1881 Stark Young, playwright. STARK
YOUNG ONLINE: Guenevere:
A Play in Five Acts
1881 Lewis
Fry Richardson,
British mathematical physicist born on who died on 30 September 1953. Some
of the books in which he applied mathematics are Weather Prediction
by Numerical Process (1922), Generalized Foreign Politics
(1939), Arms and Insecurity (1949), Statistics of Deadly Quarrels
(1950).
1872 Harlan Fiske Stone NH, US Supreme
Court (1925-41) Chief Justice (41-46)
1869 Filip Andreevich
Maliavine, Russian artist who died in 1939.
1866
Carlos Arniches y Barrera, escritor costumbrista español.
1858 Nils Kreuger, Swedish artist who died in 1930. —
more with links to
images.
1849 Alfred von Wierusz-Kowalski, Polish
artist who died on 16 February 1915.
1844 Henry John Heinz
founded prepared-foods company (57 varieties)
1828 André-Henri
Dargelas, French artist who died in 1906.
1822 Alexander
John Arbuthnot, historian. ARBUTHNOT ONLINE: The
History of John Bull
1822 Sergio Arboleda de Pombo,
escritor y político colombiano.
1821 George Williams
England, founded YMCA
in 1844
 1816
Henry Howe, author. HOWE ONLINE: Historical
Collections of Ohio
1803 Barend Cornelis Koekkoek
[pronounced "quack, quack"?], Dutch painter who died on 05 April
1962. — MORE
ON KOEKKOEK AT ART “4” OCTOBER
with links to images.
1782 Steen Steensen Blicher
Denmk, poet/short-story writer (E Binddstouw)
1777
Barnabé
Brisson, French civil engineer and mathematician who died on
25 September 1828.
1759 "Parson" Mason Locke
Weems, [image >] biographer. He is remembered for his fictitious
stories that he presented as fact. One of them was the
story about George Washington cutting down his father's cherry tree.
[... he bravely cried out, “I can't tell a lie, Pa; you know I
can't tell a lie. I did cut it with my hatchet.”]. Whether or
not George Washington could tell a lie, Weems could, and did. —
Parson Weems' Fable, painting by Grant
Wood — WEEMS ONLINE: The
Life of Benjamin Franklin, The
Life of General Francis Marion  —
Chapters
1,2,12-16, and Conclusion from: A History of the Life and Death, Virtues
and Exploits of General George Washington
1755
Fausto de Elhuyar y de Suvisa, geólogo y quimico español.
1675 Samuel
Clarke, English mathematician who died on 17 May 1729.
1629 Vincent Laurenszoon van der Vinne, Flemish painter
who died on 26 July 1702. — MORE
ON VAN DER VINNE AT ART “4” OCTOBER
with links to, and comments on three images.
1450 Bartolommeo
Cincani “Montagna”, Italian painter who died
on 11 October 1523. — MORE
ON “MONTAGNA” AT ART “4” OCTOBER
with links to images.
|
Holidays Panama, Panama Canal Zone: Revolution Day (1968) /
Sri Lanka : Deepavali / US : General Pulaski
Memorial Day (1779) / Western Samoa : National Day
Religious Observances RC : Motherhood of Mary / C :
St Mary Soledad, foundress of Handmaidens of Mary / Santos Soledad Torres
Acosta, Germán, Nicasio y Plácido.
DICIONÁRIO DAS LOURAS
SAARA — muulher do Jaacob
A title which V. S. Naipaul [17 Aug 1932~] did not use: “The
mystery wrapped up in an enigma of arrival of a rival.”
Thoughts for the day:
1. “The orator speaks, with his flood of words and his drop
of reason.”
2. “The orator speaks best, who speaks least.”
3. “The teacher teaches best, who teaches least.”
4. “The government governs best, which governs least.”
5. “Les discours les plus courts sont les moins longs.”
6. “Les meilleurs discours, ce sont les plus courts.”
7. “The surgeon cuts the best, who cuts the least.”
8. “The general fights the best, who fights the least.”
9. “The person eats the best, who eats the least.” {cuisine
minceur?}
10 “Si vis pacem, para bellum.” — {Does “Dubya”,
USurper President George W. Bush (Jr.) [06 Jul 1946~], understand Latin? He never
quotes this saying, possibly because the antecedent so obviously does not apply
to him.}
|
2002
The Nobel Peace Prize will be awarded to
Jimmy Carter [< photo],
it is announced.
At a time when the cold war between East and West was still predominant,
he placed renewed emphasis on the place of human rights in international
politics. Through his Carter Center, which celebrates
its 20th anniversary in 2002*, Carter has since his presidency undertaken
very extensive and persevering conflict resolution on several continents.
He has shown outstanding commitment to human rights, and has served as an
observer at countless elections all over the world. He has worked hard on
many fronts to fight tropical diseases and to bring about growth and progress
in developing countries. 
2002
Gyanendra names Prime Minister
