16 Oct History: This Date

<< Oct 15| HISTORY “4” “2”DAY |Oct 17 >>
Events, deaths, births, of 16 OCT v.4.54
[For Oct 16 Julian go to Gregorian date: 1582~1699: Oct 26 — 1700s: Oct 27 — 1800s: Oct 28 — 1900~2099: Oct 29]

ALTERNATE SITES ANY DAY OF THE YEAR IN HISTORY ART “4” OCTOBER wikipedia

^ On a 16 October:
2002 Nautilus Group (NLS) is downgraded by Wells Fargo Securities and by UBS Warburg from Buy to Hold, by Adams Harkness from Strong Buy to Market Perform, by CIBC World Markets from Sector Outperform to Sector Perform, by USB Piper Jaffray from Outperform to Underperform. On the New York Stock Exchange, 9 million of the 35 million NLS shares are traded, dropping from their previous close of $23.85 (also the intraday high, after a rise from an 08 October intraday low of $17.31) to an intraday low of $13.55 and closing at $13.65. They had traded as high as $45.89 as recently as 02 May 2002. They had started trading on 05 May 1999 at 4.23. [4~year price chart >] The Nautilus Group is a fitness concern offering in-the-home equipment under brand names such as Bowflex, StairMaster, and Schwinn, as well as Nautilus. On 15 October, NLS announced third-quarter earnings of 71 cents per share, 1 cent above analysts' estimates and 49% above the 2001 third-quarter. But the company expressed some uncertainty for 2003, hence the downgrades.

2002 On 15 October AMERCO (UHAL) announced default on a $100 million debt due that day. Fitch Ratings lowers AMERCO's senior unsecured debt and preferred stock ratings to 'DD' and 'D' from 'B+' and 'B-' (to which, one day earlier, it had reduced them from 'BB+' and 'BB-'). On the NASDAQ, 415 thousand of the 26 million UHAL shares are traded, dropping from their previous close of $7.20 to an intraday low of $3.10 and closes at $7.20. It had trended downward for at least the last 5 years ($35.88 on 20 October 1997) and traded as high as $18.20 as recently as 15 May 2002. [< 5~year price chart]. AMERCO is a holding company whose principal subsidiaries are U-Haul International, Inc. (U-Haul), Republic Western Insurance Co., Oxford Life Insurance Co., and AMERCO Real Estate Co. U-Haul is the leading consumer truck and trailer rental company in North America and maintains a strong market position in the self-storage market.

2002 On the 24th anniversary of John Paul II`s election to the papacy, he puts out the apostolic letter Rosarium Virginis Mariae, a part of which adds these “mysteries of light” (of the ministry of Jesus) to the Rosary: the Baptism of Jesus [Mt 3:17], the miracle of Cana [Jn 2:1-12], the call to conversion and promise of forgiveness [Mk 1:15, 2:3-13; Lk 7:47-48; Jn 20:22-23], the Transfiguration [Lk 9:35], and the Eucharist [Jn 13:1]. — [I cannot find the text in Latin!] translations: English — Français — Castellano — Italiano — Deutsch — Português

2002 The Netherlands' Prime Minister Jan Peter Balkenende, a Christian Democrat, resigns. He will stay on as the head of a caretaker government until new elections in about two months. In the government three-party coalition, the Christian Democrats and the Liberals grew exasperated with the infighting among their coalition partners, the right-wing List Pim Fortuyn (LPF), created in February, which came in second in the 15 May 2002 general elections, just nine days after Fortuyn, its populist founder, was killed by a lone gunman, an animal rights activist. The government had already adopted some of the LPF's proposals, including a stricter immigration policy, a crackdown on crime and some reforms of the inefficient public health system. But the LPF's 26 seats in Parliament and its four ministerial posts were occupied by newcomers who lacked political experience, party discipline, and a coherent program. They contradicted each other, changing leaders, forcing some members to resign and expelling two deputies. One faction now wants to replace the latest party leader, Harry Wijnschenk, the publisher of a motorcycle magazine. Two LPF cabinet members were constantly fighting to control the party: Herman Heinsbroek, a wealthy owner of a record company who was the economy minister, and deputy prime minister Eduard Bomhoff, who had been an economist and an iconoclastic newspaper columnist. It is questionable whether the LPF can survive at all. A recent opinion poll said that it could win just 4 of its present 26 seats in new elections.
2002 At a ceremony at the statue of Sherlock Holmes outside Baker Street subway station in London, he becomes the first fictional character to be made an honorary fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry. Fellow fellow John Watson (no, not the fictional Dr. Watson) says: “Sherlock Holmes was way beyond his time in using chemistry and chemical sciences as a means of cracking crime. Many years ago Holmes was using what would one day be forensic science in detection. Thanks to this science today, more crimes are solved than ever before”. This year is the centenary of Holmes' most celebrated case, The Hound of the Baskervilles.
2001 The Times of London reveals that, recently, Scottish charity worker Lady Morton, 100, hit a traffic island while driving her 100th birthday present, a new car. It is her first accident since she bought her first car in 1927. She intends to continue driving, as her license goes on until 2004.
2001 Best-selling British novelist Ken Follett bids 2200 pounds ($3185) at a London charity auction to appear in another author's next book. The millionaire thriller writer is taking part in the 'Immortality Auction' — a charity event which allows members of the public to pay to star in a bestseller. Follett won the right to appear in the next book by British cult fantasy writer Terry Pratchett. "I want to appear as a giant but Terry is making no promises," Follett said in a statement. "All he asked me is how I want to die, which is a little disconcerting." Pratchett's "Discworld" series dominated a recent survey of Britain's best-selling books of all time. The auction raised 5000 pounds for the Medical Foundation for the Care of Victims of Torture, which supports refugees and asylum seekers. Follett was also one of nine authors selling a place in their next novel. Organizers did not name the other successful bidders, but said the amount raised by each author was: Raymond Benson 180 pounds, Margaret Atwood 200 pounds, Pat Barker 200 pounds, Robert Harris 220 pounds, Ian McEwan 280 pounds, David Lodge 300 pounds, Zadie Smith 300 pounds and Follett 350 pounds. In last year's inaugural auction, Australian satirical writer Kathy Lette received the highest bid of 6200 pounds ($9090) and pledged to give Sherlaine Green a major part in her next comic romp. The charity raised nearly 25'000 pounds from last year's auction.
2000 As the al-Aqsa intifada heats up, US President Clinton initiates a fresh effort to try to cool Middle East tensions at an emergency summit in Egypt that includes Israeli and Palestinian leaders, as well as the leaders of Egypt and Jordan and UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan.
2000 Million Family March, organized by Louis Farrakhan.
1999 Russia pursues Chechen Islamist campaign (CNN)
1998 The Norwegian Nobel Committee announces that it has decided to award the Nobel Peace Prize for 1998 to John Hume and David Trimble for their efforts to find a peaceful solution to the conflict in Northern Ireland. — MORE
1998 Hackers break into America Online and altered the online service's Internet address. Millions of e-mail messages were misdirected as a result.
1995 The Million Man March for 'A Day of Atonement' takes place in Washington, D.C., organized by Nation of Islam leader Louis Farrakhan.
1995 Primer juicio con jurado, de carácter experimental, que se celebra en España desde la aprobación de la Ley que lo establece. Siete hombres y dos mujeres juzgaron y condenaron en la Audiencia de Palma de Mallorca a un hombre acusado de asesinato.
1994 Finlandia ratifica en referéndum su integración en la Unión Europea (UE) con el 57% de los votos.
1994 La coalición gobernante del canciller Helmut Kohl vence en las elecciones legislativas en Alemania.
1991 Levon Ter Petrosian, hasta entonces presidente del Soviet Supremo de Ereván, resulta elegido presidente de Armenia en las primeras elecciones presidenciales y democráticas.
1990 US forces reach 200'000 in the Persian Gulf
1987 175-kph winds cause blackout in London, much of southern England
1987 At 20:30 in Midland, Texas, Jessica McClure, 19 months old, is rescued 59 hours (58 of digging and of intensive TV and other news media coverage) after falling 6.7 m into a narrow well shaft on 14 October 1987. Jessica would remember nothing though she lost her right little toe and would be left with a minor scar from a cosmetic surgery skin graft on her forehead, performed at Midland's Memorial Hospital, from which she was released on 20 November 1987. But the intense publicity affected the other people involved. Robert O’Donnell, the paramedic who freed Jessica from the well, suffered from depression and post traumatic stress syndrome after the incident and the controversy surrounding a movie made about it; he shot himself dead in 1995. Jessica's mother, Reba “Cissy”, 18 at the time, and teenaged father, Chip, would divorce and marry others. Chip would also divorce his second wife. Odessa American photographer Scott Shaw, 24, would win a Pulitzer Prize for his photo of the newly rescued infant surrounded by weary-eyed rescuers. The ABC TV movie Everybody's Baby: The Rescue of Jessica McClure would be first shown on 21 May 1989.
1986 Se decreta el estado de excepción en Nicaragua.
1986 The Nobel Prize in literature goes to Wole Soyinka from Nigeria, in his early fifties. Among his writings are the collection of essays Myth, Literature and the African World and some of he finest poetical plays that have written in English, such as A Dance of the Forests and Death and The King's Horseman. — MORE
1986 The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has decided to award the1986 Alfred Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences to Professor James McGill Buchanan, of George Mason University, Virginia, for his development of the contractual and constitutional bases for the theory of economic and political decision-making.— MORE
1986 US government closes down due to budget problems.
1986 An Israeli F-4 Phantom jet is shot down in southern Lebanon. The two aboard parachute out. The pilot is rescued, but the navigator, Capt. Ron Arad [05 May 1958 – 1996] is captured by members of the Lebanese Shiite militia Amal, and is then held hostage for decades. It is believed that Arad was bartered and sold over the years to different Lebanese factions and was moved back and forth between Lebanon and Iran, and that he died in 1996 in the hands of the pro-Iranian Hezbollah, who claim that Arad disappeared when his guards left their post.
1985 The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has decided to award the Nobel Prize in Physics for 1985 to Professor Klaus von Klitzing, Max-Planck-Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart, Federal Republic of Germany, for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect. — MORE
1984 The Norwegian Nobel Committee has chosen to award the Nobel Peace Prize for 1984 to Black Bishop Desmond Tutu, General Secretary of the South African Council of Churches, for his role as a unifying leader figure in the campaign to resolve the problem of apartheid in South Africa. — MORE

^ 1984 First Baboon Heart Transplant
At Loma Linda University Medical Center in California, Dr. Leonard L. Bailey performs the first baboon heart transplant, an operation in which a diseased human heart is replaced by a healthy baboon heart. The patient is a fifteen-day-old baby girl known as "Baby Fae," whose plight attracts national attention. After a month-long struggle, the infant's immune system finally rejects the baboon heart, and Baby Fae dies on 15 November.

1982 Mt Palomar Observatory 1st to detect Halley's comet on 13th return
1982 Shultz warns US will withdraw from UN if it votes to exclude Israel.
1981 Una delegación del PCE (Partido Comunista de España) entrega en el Ministerio de la Presidencia 500'000 firmas contra el ingreso de España en la OTAN.
1978 The college of cardinals elects the Archbishop of Kracow, Poland, Karol Cardinal Karol Wojtyla, 58, the first non-Italian Pope since 1523, he takes the name of John Paul II. [Cardinal Wojtyla greeted a few weeks earlier by his immediate predecessor, the 33-day pope John Paul I >]
1978 Juan Marsé gana el premio Planeta de novela con su obra La muchacha de las bragas de oro.
1975 María Estela Martínez de Perón retoma la presidencia de Argentina.
1973 The Nobel Committee of the Norwegian Storting decides to award the Peace Prize for 1973 to Henry Kissinger and Le Duc Tho, the two chief negotiators who succeeded in arranging the Vietnam ceasefire after negotiating for nearly four years. Kissinger would accept, but Tho decline the award until such time as "peace is truly established.” — MORE
1970 Anwar Sadat elected president of Egypt, succeeding Gamal Abdel Nasser.

^ 1968 Vietnam: Bombing halt discussed
In a series of meetings with US Ambassador Ellsworth Bunker, South Vietnamese President Nguyen Van Thieu insists that North Vietnam assent to three conditions prior to a bombing halt. He said the North Vietnamese had to (1) agree to respect the neutrality of the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), (2) stop shelling South Vietnamese cities and towns, and (3) agree to South Vietnamese participation in the Paris talks. He also demanded that the National Liberation Front, the Communist political organization in South Vietnam, be excluded from the negotiations. Thieu seemed to soften during his discussions with Bunker: on October 22, he announced that he would not oppose a bombing halt.

1967 Ángel María de Lera García obtiene el premio Planeta, con la novela Las últimas banderas.

^ 1964 China becomes world's 4th nuclear power
     The People's Republic of China detonates its first nuclear bomb at the Lop Nor test site in the western province of Xin Jiang. The successful explosion of the twenty-two-kiloton fission bomb makes China the world's fourth nuclear power, after the United States, the Soviet Union, and Great Britain. Nuclear testing at the Lop Nor site continues well into the 1990s, with China detonating an average of one nuclear weapon every year within the extremely radioactive area of Lop Nor. In 1980, exactly sixteen years after the detonation of their first bomb, China moved its nuclear testing out of the atmosphere and underground.
     The People's Republic of China joins the rank of nations with atomic bomb capability, after a successful nuclear test on this day in 1964. China is the fifth member of this exclusive club, joining the United States, the Soviet Union, Great Britain, and France.
      US officials were not terribly surprised by the test; intelligence reports since the 1950s indicated that China was working to develop an atomic bomb, possibly aided by Soviet technicians and scientists. Nevertheless, the successful test did cause concern in the US government. During the early 1960s, China took a particularly radical stance that advocated worldwide revolution against the forces of capitalism, working strenuously to extend its influence in Asia and the new nations of Africa. The test, coming just two months after the Tonkin Gulf Resolution (a congressional resolution giving President Lyndon B. Johnson the power to respond to communist aggression in Vietnam) created a frightening specter of nuclear confrontation and conflict in Southeast Asia.
      The test also concerned the Soviet Union; the split between the USSR and Communist China over ideological and strategic issues had widened considerably by 1964. The Chinese acquisition of nuclear capabilities only heightened the tensions between the two nations. Indeed, the test might have been a spur to the Soviets to pursue greater efforts to stop the proliferation of nuclear weapons; in 1968, the United States and the Soviet Union signed the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. Little wonder that the Soviets would wish to see China's nuclear force limited, since the first Chinese intermediate-range missiles were pointedly aimed at Russia. The Cold War nuclear arms race had just become a good deal more complicated.

1964 Brezhnev and Kosygin replace Krushchev as head of Russia
1964 James Harold Wilson, primer ministro británico tras el triunfo laborista en las elecciones.
1964 El comité de descolonización de la ONU pide al Reino Unido y a España que inicien negociaciones sobre Gibraltar.
1962 Byron R White becomes a Supreme Court Justice

^ 1962 Kennedy awakes to the Cuban Missile Crisis
      AStill in his pajamas, US President Kennedy is informed during his breakfast that photoanalysts have the previous day detected offensive Soviet missile bases in Cuba. It is now clear that for months the Soviets had purposely been deceiving the US by claiming that they only have purely defensive missiles in Cuba. Kennedy immediately schedules two meetings for that morning. First, he wants to see the photographs himself. Kennedy remarks, "They look like footballs on a football field." Those missiles have a range of 2000 km, they could reach New York, Washington DC, Philadelphia, Houston. The missiles are not yet operational but they soon can be.
      For the second meeting Kennedy picks a group of trusted government officials, later referred to as the Executive Committee of the National Security Council (EX-COMM). Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara outlines three possible courses of action for the US to take against Cuba and the Soviet Union.
1. Diplomacy with Castro and Khrushchev — an option which most members of EX-COMM deem unlikely to succeed.
2. Surveillance combined with a blockade against offensive weapons entering Cuba.
3. Military action against Cuba, starting with an air attack against the missiles, followed by an invasion.
      EX-COMM works from the premise that the missile warheads were not yet in Cuba. Therefore, the goal is to stop the warheads from reaching Cuba or to prevent the missiles from becoming fully operational. Most of the discussion is of the military option and how the Soviets would respond.
      What EX-COMM dosn't know was that the Soviets do have nuclear warheads in Cuba. They had also installed battlefield nuclear weapons in Cuba to stop an invasion.
      Kennedy wants to appear tough yet avoid a military confrontation. No matter what action the US takes, EX-COMM expects Khrushchev to retaliate.

1956 William J Brennan Jr becomes a Supreme Court Justice a
1973 Israeli General Ariel Sharon crosses the Suez Canal and begins to encircle two Egyptian armies.
1946 President Harry Truman lifts price controls on meat.
1944 El " maquis", una fuerza expedicionaria de 4000 hombres armados organizada por los comunistas, se introduce en España.
1944 Tropas soviéticas penetran en Prusia Oriental.
1941 German invading troops advances to within 100 km of Moscow
1940 Lottery for 1st US WW II draftees held; #158 drawn 1st
1940 Warsaw Ghetto established

^ 1934 Mao's Long March begins.
Mao Tse-tung decides to abandon his base in Kiangsi due to attacks from Chiang Kai-shek's Nationalists. With his pregnant wife and about 30'000 Red Army troops, he sets out on the "Long March.”
The embattled Chinese Communists break through Nationalist enemy

lines and begin an epic flight from their encircled headquarters in southwest China. Known as Ch'ang Cheng — the "Long March" — the retreat lasted 368 days and covered 6,000 miles, nearly twice the distance from New York to San Francisco. Civil war in China between the Nationalists and the Communists broke out in 1927. In 1931, Communist leader Mao Zedong was elected chairman of the newly established Soviet Republic of China, based in Kiangsi province in the southwest. Between 1930 and 1934, the Nationalists under Chiang Kai-shek launched a series of five encirclement campaigns against the Soviet Republic.
Under the leadership of Mao, the Communists employed guerrilla tactics to resist successfully the first four campaigns, but in the fifth, Chiang raised 700'000 soldiers and built fortifications around the Communist positions. Hundreds of thousands of peasants were killed or died of starvation in the siege, and Mao was removed as chairman by the Communist Central Committee. The new Communist leadership employed more conventional warfare tactics, and its Red Army was decimated. With defeat imminent, the Communists decided to break out of the encirclement at its weakest points. The Long March began at 5:00 p.m. on October 16, 1934. Secrecy and rear-guard actions confused the Nationalists, and it was several weeks before they realized that the main body of the Red Army had fled. The retreating force initially consisted of 86'000 soldiers, 15'000 civilian men, and 35 women. Weapons and supplies were borne on men's backs or in horse-drawn carts, and the line of marchers stretched for 80 km. The Communists generally marched at night, and when the enemy was not near, a long column of torches could be seen snaking over valleys and hills into the distance.
The first disaster came in November, when Nationalist forces blocked the Communists' route across the Hsiang River. It took a week for the Communists to break through the fortifications and cost them 50'000 men — more than half their number. After that debacle, Mao steadily regained his influence, and in January he was again made chairman during a meeting of the party leaders in the captured city of Tsuni. Mao changed strategy, breaking his force into several columns that would take varying paths to confuse the enemy. There would be no more direct assaults on enemy positions. And the destination would now be Shensi Province, in the far northwest, where the Communists hoped to fight the Japanese invaders and earn the respect of China's masses. After enduring starvation, aerial bombardment, and almost daily skirmishes with Nationalist forces, Mao halted his columns at the foot of the Great Wall of China on 20 October 1935. Waiting for them were five machine-gun- and red-flag-bearing horsemen. "Welcome, Chairman Mao," one said. "We represent the Provincial Soviet of Northern Shensi. We have been waiting for you anxiously. All that we have is at your disposal!" The Long March was over. The Communist marchers crossed 24 rivers and 18 mountain ranges, mostly snow-capped. Only 4000 soldiers completed the journey. The majority of those who did not, perished. It was the longest continuous march in the history of warfare and contributed to the emergence of Mao Zedong as the undisputed leader of the Chinese Communists. Learning of the Communists' heroism and determination in the Long March, thousands of young Chinese traveled to Shensi to enlist in Mao's Red Army. After fighting the Japanese for a decade, the Chinese Civil War resumed in 1945. Four years later, the Nationalists were defeated, and Mao proclaimed the People's Republic of China. He served as chairman until his death in 1976.

1931 Las Cortes españolas establecen el divorcio por mutuo disenso o a petición de cualquiera de las partes; este último supuesto sólo es aplicable bajo ciertas condiciones.
1925 Texas School Board prohibits teaching of evolution
1924 Fin de la conferencia de Locarno.
1916 Margaret Sanger opens 1st birth control clinic (46 Amboy St, Brooklyn)
1914 Los alemanes utilizan por primera vez un arma nueva, el lanzallamas, en la batalla de Iser.

^ 1911 Progressive Party nominates LaFollette for US President
The Progressive Party was searching for a presidential candidate to help them wage war against the ever-expanding corporations that they felt were engulfing the nation. The party had once nominated Teddy Roosevelt, but the former president, who had allowed the United States Steel Corporation to grow into an industry-dominating giant, was hardly a model trust-buster. So, on this day, the Progressives gave the nod to Republican reformer Robert LaFollette. However, fatigue prevented LaFollette from carrying the nomination through to the convention and he was quickly replaced by the more trust-friendly Roosevelt. Despite his populist appeal and previous experience in the Oval Office, Roosevelt went on to lose the general election to William Howard Taft.

1911 Se descubre un complot para asesinar al presidente de EE.UU. William Howard Taft, que pretendía hacer saltar la vía férrea al paso del tren presidencial.
1902 Alphonse Bertillon utiliza por primera vez las huellas digitales para solucionar un caso judicial.
1902 Guerra civil en Venezuela, donde los combates son encarnizados.
1901 President Theodore Roosevelt causes controversy by inviting black leader Booker T. Washington to the White House.
1869 Hotel in Boston becomes the 1st to have indoor plumbing
1867 Alaska adopts the Gregorian calendar, crosses intl date line
1863 US Grant named to command Union Military Division of the Mississippi
1861 Confederacy starts selling postage stamps

^ 1859 Abolitionists led by John Brown raid Harpers Ferry
      At midnight, the radical abolitionist John Brown leads a group of twenty-one followers, calling themselves the "Provisional Army of the United States," on a raid of the Federal arsenal of Harpers Ferry, located in present-day West Virginia.
      Brown, born in Connecticut on 9 May 1800, first became militant during the mid-1850s, when as a leader of the Free State forces in the territory of Kansas he fought pro-slavery settlers, contributing to the sharply divided territory's popular designation as "Bleeding Kansas.” For example on 24 May 1856 he led the "Pottawatomie Massacre" by John Brown's gang In retaliation for the sacking of the abolitionist town of Lawrence, Kansas, by pro-slavery forces, militant abolitionist John Brown led a raid against a pro-slavery settlement along Pottawatomie Creek. Brown’s small force, which included four of his sons, fell on the settlement at night and massacred five men, including two teenage boys.
      Although they owned no slaves, Brown deemed the Pottawatomie settlers deserving of capital punishment because they had supported the Missouri faction in the dispute over the Kansas territorial government. Trouble in the territory began with the signing of the 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act by President Franklin Pierce. The act stipulated that settlers in the newly created territories of Nebraska and Kansas would decide by popular vote whether their territory would be free or slave. In early 1855, Kansas’ first election proved a violent affair as over 5000 so-called "Border Ruffians" invaded the territory from western Missouri and forced the election of a pro-slavery legislature.
      To prevent further bloodshed, Andrew H. Reeder, appointed territorial governor by President Pierce, reluctantly approved the election. A few months later, the Kansas Free State forces were formed, armed by supporters in the North and featuring the leadership of John Brown. In 1859, Brown left "Bleeding Kansas," as it had become popularly known, and settled on a more ambitious plan.
     Achieving only moderate success against slavery on the Kansas frontier, Brown settled on a more ambitious plan in 1859. With a group of racially mixed followers, Brown set out to Harpers Ferry, intending to seize the arsenal of weapons and retreat to the Appalachian Mountains of Maryland and Virginia, where they would establish an abolitionist republic of liberated slaves and abolitionist whites. Their republic would form a guerilla army to fight slaveholders and ignite slave insurrections, and its population would grow exponentially with the influx of liberated and fugitive slaves.
      At Harpers Ferry, Brown's well-trained unit is initially successful — in the space of two hours, the raiders seize the Shenandoah Bridge, Hall's Rifle Works, and the Federal arsenal, barricade the bridge across the Potomac, cut telegraph wires, and take several prisoners. But at 1:20 A.M., Brown's plans begin to deteriorate when his raiders stop a Baltimore-bound train, and then allow it to pass through.
      News of the raid spreads quickly and militia companies from Maryland and Virginia arrive the next day, killing or capturing several raiders. On October 18, US Marines commanded by Colonel Robert E. Lee and Lieutenant J. E. B. Stuart, both of whom are destined to become famous Confederate generals, recapture the Federal arsenal, taking John Brown and several other raiders alive.
      John Brown was tried by the Commonwealth of Virginia for treason, murder and inciting slaves to rebellion. On November 2, Brown is sentenced to death by hanging, and on the day of his execution, 2 December 1859, ten months before the outbreak of the Civil War, he prophetically writes, "The crimes of this guilty land will never be purged away but with blood.”
     Abolitionist Thoreau wrote A Plea for Captain John Brown , A Plea for Captain John Brown
     Walter Hawkins wrote Old John Brown: The Man Whose Soul is Marching On
     Stephen Vincent Benet wrote John Brown's Body

1849 British seize Tigre Island in Gulf of Fonseca from Honduras
1846 A demonstration of anesthesia (by ether) is made at the Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston by dentist Dr. William Thomas Green Morton during an operation performed by Dr. John Collins Warren.
1829 George Stephenson gana el primer concurso mundial de velocidad de locomotoras, celebrado en un tramo de la línea Liverpool-Manchester, al alcanzar los 50 km/h.
1813 Comienza la batalla de Leipzig. Se saldará con la derrota de Napoleón por parte de las fuerza aliadas de Prusia, Austria y Rusia.
1812 Los habitantes de Moscú prenden fuego a la ciudad en un acto desesperado por vencer al ejército de Napoleón.
1781 Washington takes Yorktown
1775 Portland, Maine burned by British
1765 Se autoriza el libre comercio con territorios de las Antillas desde los puertos españoles de Santander, Gijón, La Coruña, Cádiz, Sevilla, Málaga, Cartagena y Barcelona. Esta medida refuerza el papel de España en el comercio de América con Europa.
1649 The American colony of Maine passed legislation granting religious freedom, sort of, to all its citizens, on condition that those of contrary religious persuasions behave "acceptably".
1472 Barcelona capitula ante las tropas de Juan II rey de Aragon y I de Navarra.
1311 Council of Vienne (15th ecumenical council) opens, called by Clement V. During its three sessions, the council would suppress the Knights Templars (the principal military-religious order of the Middle Ages, whose wealth was coveted by kings and others).

TO THE TOP

^ Deaths which occurred on a 16 October:
2004 Six persons near Fort Huachuca, Arizona, after a Sports-Utility-Vehicle, suspected to be loaded with perhaps 20 undocumented immigrants, crashes into ten other vehicles at 11:45 (18:45 UT), after its tires are punctured by police spiked devices as it was fleeing at perhaps 150 km/h. Fifteen persons are injured.
2004 Pierre Emil George Salinger, born on 14 June 1925 (to a French mother), US newsman, was press secretary to US president John F. Kennedy [29 May 1917 – 22 Nov 1963]. He dies in self-imposed exile in France, where he had gone because of the fraudulent 2000 election of “Dubya” Bush [06 Jul 1946~] “unfit to be US president”.
2004 Douglas Wiser, 31, after a strong wind gust hit his surfing kite, dragging him 100 meters from the sea and slamming him through the limbs of a tree and into a recreational vehicle, at Te Awanga, near Hastings in the Hawke’s Bay wine growing area of North Island, New Zealand. Wiser was a visiting US winemaker from Geneva NY.
2003 Grace Headlee, 4, and Gabriel Amaya, 5 months, drowned in the bathtub by their mother, Rebekah Amaya, 32, who then slashes her wrists and survives, in Lamar, Colorado. Her current husband is Leo Amaya, her former one is policeman Mark Headlee.
2003 Esperanza Amaris, 40, murdered by rightist paramilitaries in Barracabermeja, Colombia, where she headed the Organización Feminista Popular.
2003 Eight Iraqi gunmen; two Iraqi policemen; Staff Sgt. Joseph P. Bellavia, 28, of Wakefield MA; Cpl. Sean R. Grilley, 24, of San Bernardino, CA; and Lt. Col. Kim S. Orlando, 43, of TN [photo >], commanding the US Army's 716th Military Police Battalion, 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault), part of the US occupation forces in Iraq, to which the other two belonged, in gunfight lasting into early on 17 October, with gunmen who were congregating on a road near a mosque in Karbala after the 21:00 curfew to guard the headquarters of a Shiite cleric. 7 US soldiers and 18 Iraqi gunmen are wounded.
2002 Angela Maria Dawson, 36, and her children: Juan Ortiz, 10; LaWanda Ortiz,14; twins Keith and Kevin Dawson, 8; and Carnell Dawson Jr., 10; burned in the Oliver neighborhood of Baltimore, after 02:00, when drug-dealer Darrell L. Brooks, 21, kicks in her door, pours gasoline on the floor and lights it, because he was angry at her constantly confronting the drug dealers infesting the neighborhood and calling the police. Angela's husband, Carnell Dawson Sr., 43, is severely burned and fractures his pelvis jumping from an upper floor window of the three-story row house at 1401 East Preston Street. He would die on 23 October 2002. The house had already been firebombed on 03 October (probably by the same Brooks), also in the middle of the night, but the family had escaped injury. Police offered to move the Dawsons, but they wanted to stay. Before that, neighbor John L. Henry, 18, had assaulted Angela Dawson and spray-painted a curse on the wall of her family's home. Brooks has a long history of of armed robbery, assault, drug and other charges.
2002 Cole Bailey Jr., brutally beaten to death by a group of White supremacists after leaving a pool hall. Cole’s father Cole Bailey Sr. would hire private investigators and track down the members of the racist group, getting two of them arrested. However the leader of the group, Samuel Compton, remains at large (as of 12 Feb 2003).

^ 2000 Antonio Russo, Italian radio journalist, found dead in Republic of Georgia.
     On 001021 his mother would say that her son had uncovered evidence of Russian atrocities in Chechnya shortly before his murder. “Antonio spoke to me of a video cassette in a dramatic telephone call, several weeks before he died," Beatrice Russo says. “My son was very shaken, he said the images on this cassette were terrible, with mutilated and disfigured bodies.”
      "In his last call on Saturday [001014], he was calm and said he would return to Rome," she says, adding that the cassette was not among his recovered belongings after his body was found 25 kilometers from the Georgian capital Tbilisi on Monday 001016.
      Antonio Russo had been in the Caucasus region since July, mostly covering the war in Chechnya, working for. Radio Radicale.

2000 Mel Carnahan, 66, Roger Carnahan, 44, and Chris Sifford, 37, in 19:30 crash of plane piloted by Roger on way a campaign rally for his father, Mel, Democrat US senate candidate and Missouri governor. Sifford was a campaign advisor. Mel Carnahan was born on 11 February 1934; he was elected governor on 03 November 1992 and re-elected on 05 November 1996. The state constitution barred him from seeking a third term as governor. Carnahan's name would remain on the ballot for the US Senate, and he would be elected. His widow, Jean, would be appointed to serve until 2002, when she would lose the election to Republican Jim Talent.
2000 El coronel médico Antonio Muñoz Cariñanos muere en su consulta de Sevilla asesinado por la banda terrorista ETA (Euskadi Ta Askatasuna).
1998 Jonathan Bruce Postel, ingeniero estadounidense considerado el padre de Internet.
1988 Muere en un atentado de ETA el primer agente de la policía autónoma vasca.
1996: 84 soccer fans as crowd stampedes trying to squeeze into Mateo Flores National Stadium in Guatemala City.

^ 1991: George Jo Hennard and 22 he shoots in Killeen killing.
On a Wednesday afternoon in Killeen, Texas, George Jo Hennard drives his pickup truck through the plate-glass window of Luby's Cafeteria and begins firing indiscriminately into the crowded restaurant with a semi-automatic pistol. The deranged Hennard killed 22 people and wounded 20, one fatally, before turning the gun on himself. Present in the restaurant was Suzanna Gratia, who narrowly escaped being shot but whose mother and father were killed. Gratia had her own gun with her that day but had left it locked in her car as required by Texas state law. After recovering from the tragedy, Gratia became a fierce advocate of the right to carry concealed handguns in public places and led a popular movement that resulted in the approval of the Texas Concealed Handgun License Act in 1995. In 1996, she was elected to the Texas House of Representatives as Suzanna Gratia-Hupp and continued to be a vocal proponent of the right to bear arms.

1987 Thomas Sankara, político y militar burkinabés.
1983 Harish-Chandra, of his 4th heart attack, India US mathematian born on 11 October 1923. His most notable work was on representations of semisimple Lie algebras and groups.
1981 Moshe Dayan, 66, Israel's general with an eye-patch (he lost his left eye fighting the Vichy French in Syria), soldier and statesman who led Israel to dramatic victories over its Arab neighbors and became a symbol of security to his countrymen. He wrote Diary of the Sinai Campaign (1966) and The Story of My Life (1976).
1959 George Catlett Marshall, militar estadounidense, autor del plan que llevó su nombre para la reconstrucción económica de Europa.
1951 Liaquat Ali Khan PM of Pakistan, assassinated by Said Akbar

^ 1946 Hans Frank, Wilhelm Frick, Julius Streicher, Alfred Rosenberg, Ernst Kaltenbrunner, Joachim von Ribbentrop, Fritz Sauckel, Alfred Jodl, Wilhelm Keitel, and Arthur Seyss–Inquart, Nazi leaders hanged as war criminals after Nuremberg trials. Eleven were scheduled, but Hermann Göring commited suicide the day before. Martin Bormann had been tried and condemned to death in absentia, but he was never captured.
     Two weeks earlier, the 10 were found guilty by the International War Crimes Tribunal and sentenced to death along with two other Nazi officials. Among those condemned to die by hanging were Joachim von Ribbentrop, Nazi minister of foreign affairs; Hermann Goering, founder of the Gestapo and chief of the German air force; and Wilhelm Frick, minister of the interior. Seven others, including Rudolf Hess, Adolf Hitler's former deputy, were given prison sentences ranging from 10 years to life. Three others were acquitted.
      The trial, which had lasted nearly 10 months, was conducted by an international tribunal made up of representatives from the United States, the USSR, France, and Great Britain. It was the first trial of its kind in history, and the defendants faced charges ranging from crimes against peace, to crimes of war and crimes against humanity. On October 16, 10 of the architects of Nazi policy were hanged one by one. Hermann Goering, who at sentencing was called the "leading war aggressor and creator of the oppressive program against the Jews," committed suicide by poison on the eve of his scheduled execution. Nazi Party leader Martin Bormann was condemned to death in absentia; he is now known to have died in Berlin at the end of the war.
     Hans Frank, 46: After the Nazis came to power in Germany in 1933, Frank was appointed to a variety of important posts, including president of the Reichstag and minister of justice in the Nazi government. After the German invasion of Poland in 1939, Frank was appointed governor-general, becoming the supreme chief of occupied Poland's civil administration. An enthusiastic proponent of Nazi racist ideology, Frank ordered the execution of hundreds of thousands of Poles, the wholesale confiscation of Polish property, the enslavement of hundreds of thousands of Polish workers who were shipped to Germany, and the herding of most of Poland's Jews into ghettos as a prelude to their extermination.
     Wilhelm Frick, 69: As Hitler's national minister of the interior (1933-43), he played a significant role in devising and obtaining passage of legislation providing for government by decree (March 1933) and in drafting subsequent measures against the Jews, especially the notorious Nürnberg laws of September 1935. With the growth of the SS (Schutzstaffel) as the state's principal internal-security force, however, Frick's importance in the government declined, and in 1943 he was replaced at the interior ministry by SS chief Heinrich Himmler. Thereafter Frick served as Reich protector for Bohemia and Moravia until the end of World War II.
     Julius Streicher, 61: a close friend of Adolf Hitler, as the founder (1923) and editor of the anti-Semitic weekly newspaper Der Sturmer, Streicher achieved a position of great wealth and influence in Nazi Germany. Der Sturmer's crude anti-Jewish invective provided a focus for Hitler's persecutory racial policies; the newspaper initiated the general campaign that led to the passage of the Nürnberg laws in 1935.
      Alfred Rosenberg, 53: German ideologist of Nazism. Born in Estonia, then a part of Russia, Rosenberg in 1919 he went to Munich, where he joined Adolf Hitler, Ernst Röhm, and Rudolf Hess in the nascent Nazi Party. As editor of the party newspaper, Völkischer Beobachter, he drew on the ideas of the English racist Houston Stewart Chamberlain and on the Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion, a 19th-century fabrication concerning a supposed Jewish plot for world domination.
      In Der Zukunftsweg einer deutschen Aussenpolitik (1927; "The Future Direction of a German Foreign Policy"), Rosenberg urged the conquest of Poland and Russia. Der Mythus des 20. Jahrhunderts (1934; "The Myth of the 20th Century") was a tedious exposition of German racial purity. According to Rosenberg, the Germans descended from a Nordic race that derived its character from its environment: a pure, cold, semi-Arctic continent, now disappeared. The Germans, as representatives of this race, were entitled to dominate Europe. Their enemies were "Russian Tartars" and "Semites.” The latter included Jews, the Latin peoples, and Christianity, particularly the Catholic Church. Rosenberg's anti-Semitism and advocacy of "Nordic" expansion

ism were in accord with Hitler's own violent prejudices. His writings and speeches were published under the title of Blut und Ehre (1934-41; "Blood and Honor").
      Ernst Kaltenbrunner, 43: He joined the Austrian Nazi Party in 1932 and became leader of the SS (elite guards) in Austria in 1935. After the Anschluss he became the official head of the Austrian storm troopers. In 1938 he was appointed minister of state security in Austria. Following the assassination of Reinhard Heydrich by Czechoslovak patriots in June 1942, Kaltenbrunner was picked by Heinrich Himmler to head Germany's Reich Security Central Office in January 1943. As such, he was in charge of both the Gestapo and the system of Nazi concentration camps scattered throughout Europe. A rabid anti-Semite, he was said to have agreed with Himmler at a conference in 1942 that the gas chamber should be the form of execution used in the slaughter of Jews. Kaltenbrunner controlled the administrative apparatus for carrying out the extermination of European Jewry in 1943-45.
     Joachim von Ribbentrop, 53: born on 30 April 1893, foreign minister under the Nazi regime (1933-45), and chief negotiator of the treaties with which Germany entered World War II. Ribbentrop's greatest diplomatic coup was the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact of 23 August 1939, which cleared the way for Hitler's attack on Poland on 01 September 1939, thus beginning World War II.
     Fritz Sauckel, 51: From 1942 to 1945 during World War II, he was chief commissioner for the utilization of manpower and met Hitler's request for greater industrial production by rounding up slave laborers for use in Germany's factories. Traveling through Nazi-occupied territories in Europe, he recruited slave labor by force and ruthlessly exploited their capacity for work. He was found guilty of the deportation for slave labor of 5'000'000 people under cruel and insufferable conditions.
     Alfred Jodl, 56, general named chief of the armed forces operations staff on Aug. 23, 1939, and, with Wilhelm Keitel, became a key figure in Hitler's central military command, directing all of Germany's campaigns except the beginning of the invasion of Russia in June of 1941. On May 7, 1945, he signed the capitulation of the German armed forces to the Western Allies at Reims, France. As chief of operations staff he had signed many orders for the shooting of hostages and for other acts contrary to international law.
     Wilhelm Keitel, 54, field marshal and head of the German armed forces high command during World War II. One of Adolf Hitler's most loyal and trusted lieutenants, he became chief of the Führer's personal military staff and helped direct most of the Third Reich's World War II campaigns. Keitel became chief of staff of the armed forces office, equivalent to minister of war, in 1935 and in 1938 advanced to head of the armed forces high command, which Hitler had created as a central control agency for Germany's military effort. He was convicted of authorizing the shooting of hostages and other war crimes.
     Arthur Seyss-Inquart, 54: Austrian Nazi leader who was chancellor of Austria during the Anschluss (annexation of Austria by Germany in 1938). Subsequently he served as Reichsstatthalter (governor) of the new Austrian provincial administration until April 30, 1939. He was later appointed deputy governor in Poland and eventually Reichskommissar (commissioner) of the occupied Netherlands. Following the defeat of Germany in World War II, he was tried and executed as a war criminal at Nürnberg.

1942 Some 40'000 in cyclone in Bay of Bengal, south of Calcutta.
1937 William Sealey Gosset “Student”, English chemist and mathematical statistician born on 13 June 1876. He invented the t-test to handle small samples for quality control in brewing.
1926 Some 1200 on troop ship which sinks in Yangtze River
1925 Christian Krohg, Oslo Norwegian painter, draftsman, and writer, born on 13 August 1852. — more with links to two images.
1922 Miquel Costa y Llobera, poeta catalán.
1904 María de las Mercedes Borbón y Habsburgo, infanta de España y princesa heredera de la Corona. .
1893 Charles François Gounod, compositor francés.
1890 Auguste Toulmouche, French artist born on 21 September 1829.
1885 Louis Riel, 40, hanged by the Canadians for treason, because he was the leader of French-Indian métis resistance to the influx of English-speaking Canadians. He had become a US citizen in 1883.
1876 Five Whites and one Black, in race riot at Cainhoy SC
1849 George Washington Williams Penns, 1st major black historian

^ 1793 Marie Antoinette queen of France, guillotined
Marie Antoinette, queen of France and wife of the late King Louis XVI [23 Aug 1754 – 21 Jan 1793], is guillotined in Paris for alleged treason. Born Maria Antonia Josepha Joanna von Österreich-Lothringen on 02 November 1755, in Vienna, Austria, as the daughter of Austrian Archduchess Maria Theresa [13 May 1717 – 29 Nov 1780] and Holy Roman Emperor Francis I [08 Dec 1708 – 18 Aug 1765], Marie Antoinette married Louis in 1770 to strengthen France's alliance with its longtime enemy, Austria. From the start, Louis was unsuited to deal with the severe financial problems that he had inherited from his grandfather, and his queen soon fell under criticism for her extravagance, her devotion to the interests of Austria, and her opposition to reform. Marie exerted a growing influence over her husband, and under their reign the monarchy became dangerously alienated from the French people. In a legendary episode which never happened, Marie allegedly responded to the news that the impoverished French peasantry had no bread by declaring "Qu'ils mangent de la brioche.”
At the outbreak of the French Revolution, Marie and Louis resisted the advice of constitutional monarchists who sought to reform the monarchy in order to save it, and by 1791 opposition to the royal pair had become so fierce that the two were forced to flee. During their attempted flight to Austria, Marie and Louis were apprehended at Varennes, France, and carried back to Paris. There, Louis was forced to accept the constitution of 1791, which reduced him to a mere figurehead. On 10 August 1792, the royal couple was arrested by the sans-cullottes and imprisoned in the Temple, and in September, the monarchy was abolished by the National Convention. The next January, Louis was convicted of treason and condemned to death by a bare majority of one vote. On 21 January 1793, Louis walked steadfastly to the guillotine in the Place de la Revolution in Paris and was executed. Nine months later, Marie Antoinette was convicted of treason by a tribunal, and, on 16 October, she follows her husband to the guillotine.

1745 Jacques Autreau, French artist born on 30 October 1657.
1726 Antonio Cristóbal Ubilla y Medina, político español.
1653 Jan Wildens, Flemish artist born in 1586.
1649 Isaack van Ostade, Dutch artist born on 02 June 1621 — MORE ON VAN OSTADE AT ART “4” OCTOBER with links to images.
1617 Frans Ambrosius Francken I, Flemish painter and draftsman, born in 1544. — more about Ambrosius and the three generations of Francken artists; with link to an image.
1555 Bishop Hugh Latimer and Bishop Nicholas Ridley, Protestants, burned at the stake for heresy in England.
1553 Lucas Cranach Sr.(Müller, Sunder), German painter born on 04 October 1472.. — MORE ON CRANACH SR. AT ART “4” OCTOBER with links to images.

^ Births which occurred on a 16 October:
1985:: 32-bit 80386 microcomputer chip is introduced by Intel (after other makers).

^ 1958 Chevrolet El Camino car
Chevrolet introduced the El Camino on this day, a sedan-pickup created to compete with Ford's popular Ranchero model. Built on the full-size Chevrolet challis, the big El Camino failed to steal the Ranchero's market and was discontinued after two years. But four years later, in 1964, the El Camino was given a second life as a derivative of the Chevelle series, a line of cars commonly termed "muscle cars.” The Chevelles were stylish and powerful vehicles that reflected the youthful energy of the 1960s and early 1970s, and sold well. The Chevelle Malibu Super Sport was the archetypal muscle car, featuring a V-8 as large as 454 cubic inches, or 7.4 liters. Chevelles came in sedans, wagons, convertibles, and hardtops, and, with the reintroduction of the El Camino in 1964, as a truck. The station wagon-based El Camino sedan-pickup had a successful run during its second manifestation as a Chevelle, and proved an attractive conveyance for urban cowboys and the horsey set.

^ 1951 Hudson Hornet car
In 1948, Hudson launched its new Monobuilt design, an innovation that is still found in most cars to this day. The Monobuilt design consisted of a chassis and frame that was combined in a unified passenger compartment, producing a strong, light-weight design, and a beneficial lower center of gravity that didn't effect road clearance. Hudson coined this innovation "step-down design" because, for the first time, passengers had to step down in order to get into a car. Most cars today are still based on the step-down premise. On this day in 1951, Hudson introduced the Hornet, and put some sting into their step-down design. The Hornet was built with a 308 cubic-inch (5 liters) flat head in a line six cylinder motor, producing generous torque and a substantial amount of horsepower. And it was with this popular model that Hudson first entered stock car racing in 1951. After ending their first season in a respectable third place, Hudson began a three-year domination of the racing event. In 1952 alone, Hudson won twenty-nine of the thirty-four events. A key factor in Hudson's racing success was the innovative step-down design of its cars. Because of their lower centers of gravity, Hornets would glide around corners with relative ease, leaving their clunky and unstable competitors in the dust.

1945 UN's Food and Agriculture Organization comes into existence.
1937 Los fusiles de la señora Carrar, de Bertolt Brecht, con Helene Weigel, en el papel principal,. se estrena en París.
1931 James Chace, US foreign policy thinker and historian, who died on 08 October 2004.
1931 Charles W Colson presidential adviser, Watergate co-conspirator
1930 Dan Pagis, Romanian-born Israeli poet.
1927 Gunter Grass Germany, poet, novelist, playwright, painter, and sculptor best known for his first novel, The Tin Drum.
1923 Disney Company founded
1919 Kathleen Winsor, author of Forever Amber.
1908 Enver Hoxha post-war Communist dictator of Albania from 1944 until his death on 11 April 1985.
1906 Cleanth Brooks, Kentucky-born writer and educator.
1898 William Orville Douglas, Maine, US supreme court justice (1939-75). He died on 19 January 1980.
1890 Michael Collins, Irish revolutionary leader and statesman who was killed on 22 August 1922 in an ambush by IRA insurgents who objected to the peace treaty that Collins had signed with the British on 06 December 1921, which partitioned Ireland and required an oath of allegiance to the British monarch.
1888 Eugene Gladstone O'Neill NYC, dramatist (A Long Day's Journey Into Night, The Iceman Cometh, Desire Under the Elms — Nobel 1936) He died on 27 November 1953.
1886 David Ben-Gurion, Plonsk Poland, 1st PM of Israel (1948-53, 55) He died on 01 December 1973.
1921 Philip Edward Bertrand Jourdain, English mathematician who died on 01 October 1921. He worked in mathematical logic. In 1913 Jourdain proposed the card paradox: on one side is printed: The sentence on the other side of this card is TRUE. On the other side the sentence is: The sentence on the other side of this card is FALSE.
1877 Frank Cadogan Cowper, English painter, the last of the Pre-Raphaelites, who died on 17 November 1958. — MORE ON COWPER AT ART “4” OCTOBER with links to images.
1874 Otto Müller, German artist who died on 24 September 1930. — link to an image.
1874 Pierre-Eugène Montézin, French artist who died in July 1846.
1863 Sir Austen Chamberlain British Foreign Secretary (Nobel 1925)

^ 1854 Fingal O'Flahertie Wills Oscar Wilde, in Dublin, dramatist, poet, novelist and critic.
     He grew up in Ireland and went to England to attend Oxford, where he graduated with honors in 1878. A popular society figure known for his wit and flamboyant style, he published his own book of poems in 1881. He spent a year lecturing on poetry in the United States, where his dapper wardrobe and excessive devotion to art drew ridicule from some quarters.
      After returning to Britain, Wilde married and had two children, for whom he wrote delightful fairy tales, which were published in 1888. Meanwhile, he wrote reviews and edited Women's World. In 1890, his only novel, The Picture of Dorian Gray, was published serially, appearing in book form the following year. He wrote his first play, The Duchess of Padua, in 1891 and wrote five more in the next four years. His plays, including The Importance of Being Earnest (1895), were successful and made him a popular and well-known writer.
      In 1895, the Marquess of Queensberry denounced Wilde as a homosexual, accusing him of having an affair with the marquess's son. Wilde sued for libel, but lost his case when evidence strongly supported the marquess's observations. Homosexuality was classified as a crime in England at the time. Wilde was arrested, found guilty, and sentenced to two years of hard labor. Wilde was released from prison in 1897 and fled to Paris, where his many loyal friends visited him. He started writing again, producing The Ballad of Reading Gaol, based on his experiences in prison. He died of acute meningitis on 30 November 1900.
     Oscar Wilde won the Newdigate Prize in 1878 with a long poem, Ravenna. In 1881 he published Poems. In 1888 he published The Happy Prince and Other Tales, a romantic allegory in the form of a fairy tale. His only novel, The Picture of Dorian Gray was published in 1890. In Intentions (1891), he grouped previously published essays. In 1891 also, he published two volumes of stories and fairy tales: Lord Arthur Savile's Crime, and Other Stories and A House of Pomegranates. Wilde is best known as the writer of the plays Lady Windermere's Fan, Salomé (in French), A Woman of No Importance, An Ideal Husband and, above all, The Importance of Being Earnest. (WILDE ONLINE:)

1849 George Washington Wiliams, historian, clergyman and politician.

^ 1797 James Thomas Brudenell, 7th earl of Cardigan, baron Brudenell Of Stonton, British general who died on 27 March 1868. He led the charge of the Light Brigade of British cavalry against the Russians in the Battle of Balaklava (25 Oct 1854), during the Crimean War, an incident immortalized in the poem “The Charge of the Light Brigade” (1855) by Alfred, Lord Tennyson [06 Aug 1809 – 06 Oct 1892].
Educated at Christ Church, Oxford, he entered the army in 1824, at a later age than was then usual, and quickly purchased promotion, becoming lieutenant colonel of the 15th Hussars by 1832. A martinet of uncertain temper, he quarreled with his officers, illegally placing one in arrest, and was censured by the ensuing court-martial and forced to give up his command (1834). But in 1836 family influence secured him the command of the 11th Light Dragoons (renamed the 11th Hussars in 1840). He inherited his father's earldom and fortune in 1837. By spending an estimated £10'000 a year from his private purse, he made the regiment the smartest in the service (he introduced what came to be called the cardigan jacket); but again there was trouble because of his severity toward his officers, which led to a duel with one of them, Captain Harvey Tuckett, who was wounded. Cardigan faced public anger by demanding trial by his peers and won his case on a technical point of law. He retained command of his regiment until his promotion to major general in 1854.
On the outbreak of the Crimean War (1854) he was appointed commander of the Light Brigade, under his brother-in-law G.C. Bingham, 3rd Earl of Lucan [16 Apr 1800 – 10 Nov 1888], with whom he was on bad terms. His brigade saw little action before 25 October 1854, when the celebrated charge of the Light Brigade took place. Although Cardigan queried the ambiguous order from Lord Raglan [30 Sep 1788 – 28 Jun 1855] that originated the charge, he did not hesitate when the order was repeated but led the maneuver steadily and gallantly. The charge so struck the imagination of the British public that Cardigan was lionized on his return to England, where he was appointed inspector general of cavalry. Later, when Lieutenant Colonel Somerset J.G. Calthorpe published a book falsely asserting Cardigan had not led the charge, he sued the author for libel but was nonsuited on a technicality. He died from injuries received by a fall from a horse.

1794 Benjamin Olinde Rodrigues, Jewish French mathematician, banker, Socialist pamphleteer who insisted on the equality of the races and of the sexes. He died on 17 Dec 1851.
1760 Ludwig Hess, Swiss artist who died on 13 April 1800. — more
1758 Noah Webster US teacher, lexicographer and publisher who wrote the American Dictionary of the English Language He died on 28 May 1843.
1752 Johann G. Eichhorn, German Old Testament scholar. Eichhorn was a pioneer in "higher criticism," which evaluated Scripture through literary analysis and historical evidence, rather than by the unquestioned authority of systematized religious tradition. He died on 27 June 1827.
1708 Albrecht von Haller, Bern, Switzerland, biologist, the father of experimental physiology, who made prolific contributions to physiology, anatomy, botany, embryology, poetry, and scientific bibliography. He died on 12 December 1777.
1430 James II, king of Scots since the assassination of his father James I [ – Feb 1437]. James II was killed by the bursting of a cannon on 03 Aug 1460 while besieging Roxburgh Castle during a campaign against English outposts in Scotland. He was succeeded by his son James III [May 1460 – 11 Jun 1488]

Holidays Jamaica : National Heroes Day / World : World Food Day

Religious Observances Christ : Hedwig & Margaret Mary Alacoque, virgin / RC : St Gerard Majella, patron of mothers / RC : St Hedwig, widow, patron of Silesia (opt) / Ang : Hugh Latimer & Nicholas Ridley, bishops / Ang : Thomas Cranmer, archbishop of Canterbury / RC : St Margaret Mary Alacoque (opt) / RC : St Gerard Majella, monk, patron of mothers / Jewish : Succoth-feast / Santos Margarita María de Alacoque, Eduvigis y Florentino.

PERGUNTA:
Se existem tantas piadas preconceituosas sobre loiras burras, por que tantas mulheres continuam pintando os cabelos dessa cor?

Thoughts for the day:
“He is truly wise who gains wisdom from another`s mishap.”
“He is wiser who, instead of waiting for a mishap, prevents it.”
“He is truly wise who gains wisdom from another`s happiness.”
“The furrier gets the skins of more foxes than asses.”
“The furrier gets more kicks from asses than from foxes.”
“Asses kick more furrigners than foxes.”
“Jackasses on horseback hunt more foxes than furriers do.”
“Fox hunters get under the skin of more animal activists than of foxes.”
“Everybody's private motto: It's better to be popular than right.” — “Mark Twain” [30 Nov 1835 – 21 Apr 1910]. {most obvious in politicians, though occasionally an honest man is elected to the legislature who when bought, stays bought}
“You can fool some of the people all the time, and all the people some of the time, but you can't fool all the people all the time.”
“Politicians only care about fooling a plurality of the electorate at election time.”

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